Cartilage and Bone Connective Tissue

Question 1

Another Name for Sutural Bones

Answer 1

Wormian Bones

Question 2

Skeleton means what in Greek?

Answer 2

Dried up

Question 3

Sesamoid bones

Answer 3

They are called sesamoid bones because they resemble a sesame seed. They may develop in tendons in response to stress as the tendons repeatedly move across a joint.

Question 4

What is the biggest sesamoid bone in the body?

Answer 4

The patellae (develops in early childhood)

Question 5

What is cartilage?

Answer 5

a semi-rigid connective tissue that is weaker than bone but more flexible and resilient. It contains chondroblasts which mature into chondrocytes.

Question 6

Is Mature cartilage avascular or vascular?

Answer 6

Avascular which means it’s not penetrated by blood vessels. This means cartilage doesn’t heal well when injured.

Question 7

Bones serve as vital reservoirs for what minerals?

Answer 7

Calcium and phosphate

Question 8

3 major functions of Cartilage

Answer 8

1) Supporting soft tissue.
2) Provides a gliding surface at articulations (joints), where two bones meet.
3) Provides a model for the formation of most of the bones in the body. It is a “rough draft.”

Question 9

3 types of cartilage

Answer 9

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, and Elastic

Question 10

Hyaline cartilage:

Answer 10

(clear cartilage) it is the most abundant. It is found in the nose, trachea, portions of the larynx, the articular cartilage on bones, growth plates in growing bones, and fetal skeleton.

Question 11

Fibrocartilage:

Answer 11

It can act as a shock absorber and is located where this property is required, such as the pads of fibrocartilage between the vertebrae and where the pubic bones join at the pubic symphysis. Most durable cartilage. Contains numerous thick collagen fibers.

Question 12

Elastic cartilage:

Answer 12

It is found in the external ear, the ear canal, and the epiglottis. It contains highly branched elastic fibers within its extracellular matrix.

Question 13

Functions of Bone

Answer 13

1. Support and protection
2. Movement
3. Hemopoiesis
4. Storage of mineral and energy reserves

Question 14

Support and protection:

Answer 14

Provides a framework or scaffolding for the entire body.

Question 15

Movement:

Answer 15

The skeletal muscles provide the force to move the bones of the body as levers so we can walk, run, and perform delicate movements with our fingers.

Question 16

Hemopoiesis:

Answer 16

It is the process of blood cell formation. This is done by stem cells in red bone marrow located in spongy bone. These stem cells form all different kind types of blood cells.

Question 17

Storage of mineral and energy reserves:

Answer 17

more than 90% of the body’s reserves of minerals calcium and phosphate are stored and released by bone.

Question 18

Minerals and fat in the bones

Answer 18

Calcium, Phosphate, and Lipids or adipose tissue

Question 19

it is essential for muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse transmission.

Answer 19

Calcium

Question 20

is need for ATP utilization ( a substance that momentarily traps useful energy for utilization by the body.

Answer 20

Phosphate

Question 21

is stored in the yellow bone marrow which is in the shafts of long bones.

Answer 21

Lipids or adipose tissue

Question 22

Types of bones:

Answer 22

Long, Short, Flat, and Irregular

Question 23

typically function as levers. These are the bones of the upper extremity and lower extremity.

Answer 23

Long bones

Question 24

these are somewhat cube-shaped and act to transfer forces. They are bones of the wrist and ankle. Sesamoid bones are classified as this.

Answer 24

Short bones

Question 25

these are broad with a dense surface and serve for muscle attachment or protection of underlying soft tissues. They are the roof of the skull, the shoulder blades, sternum, and ribs.

Answer 25

Flat bones

Question 26

these vary in shape and have many surface projections for muscle attachment or articulation. Examples are the vertebrae, ossa coxae (pelvic bones), and several bones of the skull.

Answer 26

Irregular bones

Question 27

allows the passage of blood vessels to keep bone alive.

Answer 27

Nutrient Foramen

Question 28

The hollow region in your bones.

Answer 28

Medullary Cavity

Question 29

A dense layer of vascular connective tissue that covers the bones except at the surface of the joints. This highly vascular layer serves as a place for tendon-muscle attachment and bone is responsible for growth in bone width. Pulling stress on this stimulates osteoblasts which causes bones to increase in width. Lack of stress decreases bone width because of osteoclasts.

Answer 29

Periosteum

Question 30

They connect muscles to bone

Answer 30

Tendons

Question 31

They connect bones to bones.

Answer 31

Ligaments

Question 32

A hormone that is secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells

Answer 32

Erythropoeitin

Question 33

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 33

It occurs within the active red marrow of the adult sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, and proximal ends of the bones of the thighs and upper arms.

Question 34

How many cranial bones are there?

Answer 34

8

Question 35

How many facial bones?

Answer 35

14

Question 36

a membrane that lines the medullary cavity and helps remodel the medullary cavity during bone growth and repair

Answer 36

Endosteum

Question 37

It is located in growing children and teenagers. It is composed of hyaline cartilage and has intense mitotic activity that helps bones increase in length.

Answer 37

Epiphyseal Growth Plate

Question 38

A growth hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland and is responsible for growth in bone length in the Epiphyseal growth plate.

Answer 38

Somatotropin

Question 39

The remnant of the epiphyseal growth plate in adults. It occurs after the Epiphyseal growth plate ossifies.

Answer 39

Epiphyseal line

Question 40

4 Types of cells associated with bone connective tissue

Answer 40

Osteoprogenitor Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts

Question 41

found in the periosteum and endosteum. They give rise to cells that become osteoblasts.

Answer 41

Osteoprogenitor cells

Question 42

secrete the initial semisolid form of bone matrix called osteoid. This osteoid later calcifies and becomes bone.

Answer 42

Osteoblasts

Question 43

they develop from osteoblasts. They maintain the bone matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone. This info is communicated to osteoblasts, and may result in the deposition of new bone matrix at the surface.

Answer 43

Osteocytes

Question 44

are large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells and appear to be derived from bone marrow cells similar to monocytes in blood. Their role is to break down bone in a process called Osteolysis.

Answer 44

Osteoclasts

Question 45

Leads to formation of flat bones of the skull, zygomatic bones, maxilla, mandible, collar bone, and sesamoid bone (patella).

Answer 45

Intramembranous Ossification

Question 46

Most bones form by this method. It is when the cartilage in the body gradually ossifies as one grows older.

Answer 46

Endochondral ossification

Question 47

A method of fixing broken bones which looks like a bird cage around the broken limb. It can stimulate osteoblasts to fill in gaps of long bones.

Answer 47

Traction

Question 48

2 types of bone connective tissue

Answer 48

Compact bone and Spongy or Cancellous bone

Question 49

Compact bone

Answer 49

it is the solid and relatively dense bone. In a long bone, it is the solid external walls of the bone. In flat bones of the skull, compact bone forms both an inner and outer layer.

Question 50

Spongy or Cancellous bone

Answer 50

It looks like a sponge and is found in the epiphysis in the long bones. In many flat bones, cancellous bone is sandwiched between compact bones.

Question 51

It happens when osteoblasts and blood vessels invade the the center of the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage where bone replaces the cartilage. Most have formed by the 12th week of development.

Answer 51

Primary Ossification Center

Question 52

It is the same process of invading osteblasts and blood vessels but in the proximal and distal epiphyses.

Answer 52

Secondary ossification centers

Question 53

Important vitamins for bone development

Answer 53

Vitamins A, C, and D

Question 54

Vitamin A:

Answer 54

stimulates/activates osteoblasts.

Question 55

Vitamin C:

Answer 55

is required for normal synthesis of collagen, the primary organic component in the bone matrix.

Question 56

Vitamin D:

Answer 56

stimulates the absorption and transport of calcium and phosphate ions into the blood for possible storage in the bone.

Question 57

a thin break caused by increased physical activity in which bone experiences repetitive loads, such as running.

Answer 57

Stress fracture

Question 58

can occur when a bone is weakened by disease.

Answer 58

Pathologic fracture (spontaneous fracture)

Question 59

Closed fracture

Answer 59

No break in the skin

Question 60

Open fracture

Answer 60

break in surface of the skin, whether by the bone or not.

Question 61

Comminuted fracture

Answer 61

bone is splintered in many pieces.

Question 62

Spiral fracture

Answer 62

bone is broken with twisting movement causing helical cracking.

Question 63

Greenstick fracture

Answer 63

incomplete breaking with bowing.

Question 64

Depressed fracture

Answer 64

portion of the bone is driven inward

Question 65

Displaced fracture

Answer 65

fragments are out of proper alignment

Question 66

Nondisplaced fracture

Answer 66

fragments are in anatomical alignment.

Question 67

forms when blood vessels inside the bone and in the periosteum are torn.

Answer 67

Fracture hematoma

Question 68

a bridge that connects the gaps of injured bone.

Answer 68

Fibrocartilage callus

Question 69

insufficient ossification due to loss of calcium and other minerals.

Answer 69

Osteopenia

Question 70

Growth Hormone

Answer 70

somatotropin

Question 71

Thyroid Hormone

Answer 71

secreted by thyroid. stimulates bone growth by influencing the basal metabolic rate of bone cells

Question 72

Estrogen and Testosterone

Answer 72

dramatically accelerate bone growth at the epiphyseal growth plates

Question 73

diaphysis

Answer 73

central shaft of long bone. contains the medullary cavity

Question 74

epiphysis

Answer 74

knobby region at each end of long bone composed of an outer layer of compact bone and an inner layer of spongy bone. contains active red marrow in adults. covered in articular cartilage at a joint

Question 75

a progressive bone disease in which bone mass and density is decreases and is more susceptible to fracture. It is much more common in women as they age. A poor diet can cause the body to take nutrients from the bones and put them in the blood stream which results in weakened bones.

Answer 75

Osteoporosis

Question 76

A bacterial infection of the bone and bone marrow that can develop after a wound or fracture. Smokers who have this will not heal as fast as non-smokers.

Answer 76

Osteomyelitis

Question 77

Condyle, Facet, and Head

Answer 77

Articulating surfaces

Question 78

Alveolus and Fossa

Answer 78

Depressions

Question 79

Crest, Epicondyle, Process, Spine, Trochanter, Tubercle, Tuberosity

Answer 79

Projections for tendon and ligament attachment

Question 80

Fissure, Foramen, Sinus

Answer 80

Openings and Spaces