Exam 4 HEART pt2

Question 2

Pregnant women have better blood return through the inferior vena cava if they sleep on their____ side. This keeps the heavy fetus and uterus from compressing the inferior vena cava.

Answer 2

left

Question 3

If the fossa ovalis fails to close immediately after birth, it is called a

Answer 3

patent foramen ovale”, “perforated fossa ovalis”, or an “atrial septal defect”.

Question 4

consists of the chambers on the left side of the heart (left atrium and left ventricle) and all the named blood vessels that carry blood to the tissues (arteries) and all the named blood vessels that return the blood from the tissues (veins) back to the right atrium of the heart. The tissue capillaries are included.

Answer 4

systemic circulation

Question 5

consists of the right side of the heart (right atrium and right ventricle), the pulmonary arteries, which convey poorly oxygenated blood to the lungs, and the pulmonary veins, which convey oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Answer 5

pulmonary circulation

Question 6

is when two or more arteries, or two or more veins, merge to supply the same region.

Answer 6

anastomosis

Question 7

Some arteries do not form anastomoses; in these so-called _________, there is only one pathway through which blood can reach and organ

Answer 7

end arteries

Question 8

Often an artery will travel with a corresponding vein, both of which service the same body region

Answer 8

Such vessels are called companion vessels

Question 9

Answer 9

The tunica intima is composed of endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of connective tissue. The tunica intima in veins has one-way valves. This is not seen in arteries

Question 10

Answer 10

The walls of arteries are thicker than the walls of veins because of a thicker tunica media. This enable vasoconstriction and vasodilation in both arteries and veins

Question 11

Answer 11

The tunica externa is the outermost layer of a blood vessel. It is composed of connective tissue that contains elastic and collagen fibers. Veins have a thicker tunica externa than arteries.

Question 12

Answer 12

Arteries tend to have more elastic and collagen fibers in all their tunics, which means that arterial walls remain open (patent) and can spring back to shape. In contrast, vein walls tend to collapse if there is no blood in them.

Question 17

_______________ contain only the tunica intima, but this layer consists of a basement membrane and endothelium only. This allows for easy exchange of materials between the capillary blood and the fluid surrounding the tissue cells

Answer 17

capillaries

Question 18

perform the most important role of the circulatory system: delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of wastes

Answer 18

capillaries

Question 19

Answer 19

Question 20

Normal RBCs need to _____________ to slip through capillaries

Answer 20

Question 21

are the largest arteries. They have elastic fibers throughout all three tunics. This allows these arteries to bulge when the heart ejects blood into them, and then recoil when the heart relaxes. An example is the aorta

Answer 21

elastic arteries

Question 22

Blood in the arteries is propelled forward during systole of the heart and also continues forward during diastole because of the _____________ of the arterial walls.

Answer 22

elastic recoil

Question 23

are medium sized vessels, with elastic fibers confined between the tunica media and tunica externa. They have a thick tunica media with multiple layers of smooth muscle, giving them better ability to vasoconstrict or vasodilate. Most of the named arteries are muscular arteries.

Answer 23

muscular arteries

Question 24

are the smallest arteries. They have fewer layers of smooth muscle in their tunica media. By vasoconstricting or vasodilating the arterioles can increase or decease the arterial blood pressure and also regulate blood flow through the capillaries

Answer 24

arterioles

Question 27

_______________ is caused by the inheritance of a gene for an abnormal type of hemoglobin called “hemoglobin-S”. This abnormal hemoglobin causes the RBCs to be rigid and take on a sickle shape

Answer 27

Sickle-cell disease

Sickle cells cause blockages (infarcts) and the cells also break, causing anemia (sickle cell anemia)

Question 28

Every cell in the body is close to a capillary and capillaries are surrounded by

Answer 28

interstitial fluid

Question 29

___________ are the most common type of capillary. The endothelial cells form a complete, continuous lining and are connected by tight junctions.

Answer 29

Continuous capillaries

Question 30

_____________ have fenestrations within each endothelial cell and are seen where a great deal of fluid transport occurs between the blood and the tissues (intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys).

Answer 30

Fenestrated capillaries

Question 31

have walls that are thinner than arteries, they typically carry deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary veins), they have lower internal pressure

Answer 31

veins

Question 32

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the smallest veins and drain capillaries. Venules merge to form veins. Eventually these veins merge to form the ____________ which deliver blood to the chambers of the heart.

Answer 32

Venules great veins

Question 33

When nearby skeletal muscles contract the blood is propelled forward

Answer 33

skeletal muscle pump

Question 34

The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_for blood circulation occurs when we inhale and exhale, which causes alternating pressure changes in the chest.

Answer 34

“respiratory (breathing) pump”

Question 35

Answer 35

Question 36

Blood has a tendency to pool in the leg veins when persons are inactive (bedridden). This can lead to

Answer 36

stationary clots (thrombi) and moving clots (emboli)

Question 37

The left and right coronary arteries exit the ascending aorta.........

Answer 37

immediately past the aortic semilunar valve.

Question 38

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ normally gives rise to three major arteries: brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, and left subclavian.

Answer 38

The aortic arch

Question 39

The aortic arch gives rise to

Answer 39

the brachiocephalic trunk the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery

Question 40

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is firmly attached to posterior body wall. The aortic arch and the heavy heart are not.

Answer 40

The thoracic aorta

Question 41

A sudden deceleration can pull the heavy heart off the aortic arch resulting in the victim being

Answer 41

“dead right there” (DRT).

Question 43

Chest trauma or high blood pressure may cause a tear between the tunica intima and tunica media called:

Answer 43

aortic dissection This tear may painfully spread!

Question 44

The common carotid (Latin for “sleep” or “stupor”) arteries branches into the

Answer 44

internal and external carotid arteries.

Question 45

the most reliable site for detecting the pulse

Answer 45

The common carotid pulse (palpated on just one side of the neck, NOT both simultaneously)

Question 46

Compressing both common carotid arteries and restricting blood flow to the brain can lead to

Answer 46

unconsciousness and possibly death!

Question 47

Answer 47

Question 48

The carotid sinus has

Answer 48

“baroreceptors”

Question 49

bring blood to the side of the neck and to the skin and muscles of the head.

Answer 49

The left and right external carotid arteries

Question 50

often pulsates vigorously when I have a headache (which occurs rarely now that I am decaffeinated).

Answer 50

The superficial (anterior) temporal artery

Question 51

forms many branches after it enters the cranium via the carotid canal.

Answer 51

The internal carotid artery

Question 52

travel up the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae and through the foramen magnum to bring blood to the brain.

Answer 52

The left and right vertebral arteries

Question 53

these arteries merge to form the basilar artery

Answer 53

The left and right vertebral arteries

Question 54

receives blood from the internal carotids and the vertebral arteries

Answer 54

Circle of Willis (cerebral arterial circle)

Question 56

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Question 57

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Question 58

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Question 59

all bring blood to the Circle of Willis near the sella turcica. It is an important anastomosis.

Answer 59

The left and right internal carotid arteries and the left and right vertebral arteries (which merge to form the basilar artery),

Question 60

The aortic arch curves and projects inferiorly as the “descending thoracic aorta” that extends several branches to supply thoracic organs and the thoracic wall. It becomes the

Answer 60

“descending abdominal aorta” when it penetrates past the diaphragm.

Question 61

Answer 61

the Iceman’s cause of death by an arrowhead lacerating among others the left subclavian artery and leading to a deadly hemorrhagic shock can be now postulated with almost complete certainty

Question 62

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Question 63

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Question 64

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Question 65

Arterial blood is supplied to the diaphragm by the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that arise from the descending thoracic aorta, the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that arise from the subclavian arteries, and the _______________ that arise from the descending abdominal aorta.

Answer 65

superior phrenic arteries musculophrenic arteries inferior phrenic arteries

Question 66

The ______________ penetrates the diaphragm to become the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 66

descending thoracic aorta descending abdominal aorta

Question 67

emerge from the anterior wall of the descending abdominal aorta to supply the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 67

Three unpaired arteries (superior mesenteric artery) (inferior mesenteric artery) (celiac artery)

Question 68

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ serves the pancreas, most of the small intestine (except for a portion of the duodenum), and the proximal portion of the large intestine.

Answer 68

Superior mesenteric artery

Question 69

Answer 69

Question 70

Answer 70

Question 71

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ serves part of the transverse colon, part of the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum.

Answer 71

The inferior mesenteric artery

Question 72

The ___________ also gives rise to the middle suprarenal, renal, and gonadal arteries

Answer 72

descending abdominal aorta

Question 76

The primary arterial supply to the pelvis and perineum is from the

Answer 76

internal iliac arteries, one of the main branches of the common iliac arteries.

Question 77

The ________________ branches off the brachiocephalic trunk. The ______________ branches directly off the left portion of the aortic arch. Both subclavian arteries take blood to the upper extremities.

Answer 77

right subclavian artery left subclavian artery

Question 82

The ulnar and radial arteries anastomose to form the _____________ and the _____________ . Digital arteries emerge from these arches to supply the fingers.

Answer 82

superficial palmar arch deep palmar arch

Question 83

The common iliac arteries divide into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(which serve the pelvis and gluteal region) and the _____________ (which head towards the legs).

Answer 83

internal iliac arteries external iliac arteries

Question 84

The external iliac artery become the ______________ after it passes deep to the inguinal ligament.

Answer 84

femoral artery

Question 85

The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is easily noticeable on the surface, extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the symphysis pubis.

Answer 85

inguinal ligament

Question 88

The ______________ gives rise to several arteries, including the deep femoral artery which passes posteriorly to serve the hamstrings muscles. Behind the knee the femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery.

Answer 88

femoral artery

Question 89

The popliteal artery, after it passes behind the knee, branches to become the _______________ and the _______________ . The posterior tibial artery goes on to form the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 89

anterior tibial artery posterior tibial artery medial and lateral plantar arteries

Question 90

The anterior tibial artery goes on to form the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ , which is the most distal location to palpate the pulse

Answer 90

dorsal pedal artery | (dorsalis pedis artery)

Question 91

The veins inferior to the diaphragm merge to collectively form the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ , which has the largest diameter of any vessel in the body. The inferior vena cava, which has relatively thin walls, lies to the right side of the descending abdominal aorta.

Answer 91

inferior vena cava

Question 92

Pregnant women have better blood return through the inferior vena cava if they sleep on their\_\_\_\_ side. This keeps the heavy fetus and uterus from compressing the inferior vena cava.

Answer 92

left

Question 93

The ______________ is formed by the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins. Large veins, such as the vena cavae, lack the one-way valves seen in smaller veins. Forward blood flow is due to the decreased cross-sectional area as all the smaller veins merge to eventually form the vena cavae thereby increasing blood pressure and blood flow.

Answer 93

superior vena cava