Vessels and Circulation #2

Question 1

It lies deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscles and eventually merges with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic.

Answer 1

Internal Jugular Vein

Question 2

It is superficial to the sternocleidomastoid muscles and drains into the subclavian vein. Enlargement of this vein can lead to Jugular Vein Distention which is a sign of cardiac tamponade.

Answer 2

External Jugular Vein

Question 3

They extend through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae and drain into the brachiocephalic veins.

Answer 3

Vertebral Veins

Question 4

Most of the venous blood of the cranium drains through these veins and then go into the internal jugular veins. They are formed between the two layers of the dura mater and also receive excess CSF.

Answer 4

Dural Venous Sinuses

Question 5

It receives input from the superior and inferior opthalmic veins that drain the skin in the region around the nose. It is near the sella turcica.

Answer 5

Cavernous Sinus

Question 6

It is a vein on the posterior body wall just to the right of the vertebral column. This vein receives venous drainage from the lumbar region, sacral region, intercostal muscles, the bronchi, esophagus, and pericardium. It then merges with the superior vena cava.

Answer 6

Azygous Vein

Question 7

They drain into the azygous system of veins and are in the lungs.

Answer 7

Bronchial veins

Question 8

These veins drain into the azygous vein or left gastric vein.

Answer 8

Esophageal veins

Question 9

Diaphragm veins

Answer 9

Superior phrenic veins and inferior phrenic veins which merge with the inferior vena cava. The third is the musculophrenic veins that travel through branches that eventually lead to brachiocephalic.

Question 10

An area surrounding the nose where the superior and inferior opthalamic veins drain into the cavernous veins. Beware of nose piercings!

Answer 10

Danger triangle

Question 11

Arteries from the digestive tract drain into the capillaries of the intestines/digestive tract and then go to the capillaries of the liver (which filter the blood and absorb nutrients). Then the blood goes to the hepatic vein to the IVC to the right atrium.

Answer 11

Hepatic Portal System

Question 12

It receives oxygen poor, but nutrient rich blood from the: 1) intestines 2) Pancreas 3) Spleen 4) stomach 5) Gallbladder

Answer 12

Hepatic portal vein

Question 13

It is a network of veins that are on the dorsum of the hand. These veins drain into the basilic and cephalic veins.

Answer 13

Dorsal Venous Arch

Question 14

It is composed of the cephalic vein (lateral side of upper limb) and the basilic vein (medial side of upper limb). It is a common site for venipuncture.

Answer 14

Medial Cubital Vein

Question 15

It is a network of veins that drains into the great saphenous vein on the medial side of the foot near the medial malleolus.

Answer 15

Dorsal Venous Arch of foot

Question 16

It is the longest vein in the body and is sometimes removed for use as vascular graft material elsewhere in the body (coronary bypass.)

Answer 16

Great Saphenous Vein

Question 17

It extends adjacent to the lateral side of the ankle and then travels along the posterior calf, before draining into the popliteal vein.

Answer 17

Small Saphenous vein

Question 18

Golden Hour

Answer 18

If someone has acute trauma, you need to get them in the OR within 60 minutes.

Question 19

It is when part of the arterial wall thins and balloons out. The wall is more prone to rupture which can cause massive bleeding and death. Albert Einstein died of this.

Answer 19

Aneurysm

Question 20

The fetus receives oxygen and nutrients directly from the mother via the umbilical cord. It is composed of 1 Umbilical Vein (brings oxygenated blood to the fetus) and 2 Umbilical Arteries (brings blood away from the heart).

Answer 20

Umbilical Vessels

Question 21

It brings oxygenated blood in to the fetus and is shunted away through the Ductus Venosus and Portal SInus. These vessels are the only fully oxygenated vessels in the fetal circulation. This vein becomes the round ligament of the liver called the ligamentum teres.

Answer 21

Umbilical Vein

Question 22

It is a detour where the blood is shunted from the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch. It becomes the non-functional ligamentum arteriosum within 10-15 hours after birth and gradually atrophies.

Answer 22

Ductus Arteriosus

Question 23

It is one of the veins where the umbilicus vein is shunted near the liver and drains into the inferior vena cava. When the baby is born it becomes the ligamentum venosum

Answer 23

Ductus Venosus

Question 24

They are vessels that take deoxygenated blood away from the baby’s heart while in the womb. Once the baby is born they turn into the Medial Umbilical Ligaments.

Answer 24

Umbilical Arteries

Question 25

To place blood or any other fluid inside a baby after he or she is born you can place it in the umbilical vein. To take blood out you must remove it from the umbilical arteries.

Answer 25

Umbilical Catheter

Question 26

A lady came in for a routine check-up. She seemed to have an irregular heartbeat. The doctor later found out that he had lost hearing in one of his ears so he thought that he falsely suspected the heart murmur. Later he listened to the heart again and started to trace the sound he was hearing (other doctors told the woman she had a heart problem). What did he find?

Answer 26

He found that she at Arteriorvenous Malformation or AVM in her head.

Question 27

Complex tangles of abnormal arteries and veins that can be located in almost any organ in the body. They move fast and have a defective layer and prone to rupture and bleed.

Answer 27

Arterioveonous Malformation

Question 28

How is AVM fixed?

Answer 28

They put a catheter on it and a metallic coil to thread off the feeder vessel. They are now empty vessels.

Question 29

Patent Foramen Ovale/Atrial Septal Defect/Perforated Fossa Ovalis may cause what condition?

Answer 29

migraines but the mechanism is unclear. PFO's can cause higher rates of decompression sickness in scuba divers. Women are more likely to get migraines but the cause is unknown. Sometimes migraines are preceded by auras, which are imaginary lights, other vision disturbances or numbness on one side of the body.

Question 30

What can be done to fix migraines in patients with PFO's

Answer 30

PFO closures have been shown to reduce migraines.

Question 31

sinusoids

Answer 31

liver capillaries that receive blood from hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries. site where blood mixes

Question 32

Why is the liver slightly more susceptible to anaerobic bacterial infections than other body tissues?

Answer 32

The reduced oxygen levels from blood mixing in the sinusoids

Question 33

the "widowmaker"

Answer 33

Left anterior descending artery

Question 34

Organs and structures of the pelvis and perineum are drained by numerous veins that merge to form? that then drains into the?

Answer 34

internal iliac veins drain into the common iliac veins (L and R common iliac veins merge to form inferior vena cava)

Question 35

varicose veins

Answer 35

when valves of veins or the perforating branches become incompetent

Question 36

digital veins and deep veins of the foot and ankle drain into pairs of these veins that parallel the arteries of the same name.

Answer 36

Anterior Tibial Veins and Posterior Tibial Veins

Question 37

A pair of veins that travel alongside the fibular artery merge with the posterior tibial veins.

Answer 37

Fibular Veins

Question 38

Together, the Fibular Veins and Posterior Tibial Veins merge to form:

Answer 38

the Popliteal Vein that accompanies the popliteal artery in the popliteal fossa.

Question 39

The Popliteal Vein curves to the anterior portion of the thigh and is renamed:

Answer 39

the Femoral Vein

Question 40

One the Femoral Vein passes deep to the inguinal ligament, it is renamed again

Answer 40

External Iliac Vein

Question 41

External and Internal Iliac Veins merge in the pelvis, forming the:

Answer 41

Common Iliac Vein (then merge to IVC)

Question 42

Princess Diana tore one of these veins when she was thrown forward under the right front dashboard

Answer 42

Left Pulmonary Vein

Question 43

Pulmonary Arteries have less ________ and ________ lumens than Systemic Arteries. Why is this significant?

Answer 43

less elastic tissue and wider lumens. this results in the lower BP in the pulmonary arteries and lower pressure on the right side of the heart.

Question 44

Blood in aorta enters what type of arteries before it enters arterioles?

Answer 44

aorta \> elastic arteries \> muscular arteries \> arterioles

Question 45

With age, heart and vessels become less resilient and many of the elastic arteries are less able to withstand the forces from the pulsating blood. This can lead to what condition, which further exacerbates the problem?

Answer 45

Hypertension

Question 46

pain in mediastinum, shortness of breath, and can be confused for MI

Answer 46

Pulmonary embolism

Question 47

can an embolism in venous circulation cause a CVA?

Answer 47

only if there is a defect between the atria, such as a Patent Foramen Ovale

Question 48

common site for aneurysm

Answer 48

Where abdominal aorta branches into L and R common iliac arteries. under high pressure from the narrower diameter

Question 49

What causes the greater pressure in the R side of a fetal heart?

Answer 49

1. resistance in pulmonary circulation 2. greater flow from umbilical vein via inferior vena cava

Question 50

What are the 3 fully oxygenated vessels in a developing fetus?

Answer 50

1. Umbilical Vein 2. Portal Sinus 3. Ductus Venosus

Question 51

Two possibilities for blood to bypass collapsed lungs from the R atrium:

Answer 51

1. Foramen Ovale (R atrium \> L atrium) 2. Ductus Arteriosus (pulmonary trunk \> aortic arch)

Question 52

Two reasons septum primum swings to the right and seal shut upon birth:

Answer 52

1. inflation of lungs (reduces resistance in pulmonary circulation) 2. umbilical cord clamped and cut (reduces blood flow into IVC and make pressure in L atrium \> R atrium)

Question 53

In an umbilical catheterization, how would blood be removed? How would you administer medications?

Answer 53

Blood removed from umbilical arteries. Medications added into umbilical vein.

Question 54

Progressive disease of the elastic and muscular arteries. Characterized by the presence of an atheroma, which leads to the thickening of the tunica intima and narrowing of the arterial lumen.

Answer 54

Atherosclerosis

Question 55

Repeated injury to the endothelium of an arterial wall results in an inflammatory reaction that eventually leads to the development of an atheroma. Infection, trauma, or hypertension can cause injury to the endothelium and increase permeability. Leukocytes and platelets adhere to lesion. LDLs and VLDLs enter tunica intima and remain stuck. This attracts monocytes that migrate into the wall and digest the lipids, and develop into structures called foam cells. These plaques cause narrowing of the lumen, thereby restricting bloodflow.

Answer 55

response-to-injury hypothesis for the cause of Atherosclerosis

Question 56

increased amount of cholesterol in the blood. . tend to have family history of it. increases rate of development of atherosclerosis.

Answer 56

Hypercholesterolemia

Question 57

Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis

Answer 57

Hypercholesterolemia, Male, Age, Smoking, and Hypertension

Question 58

Treatment of Atherosclerosis

Answer 58

Angioplasty or Coronary Bypass Surgery (occluded coronary arteries)

Question 59

Prevention of Atherosclerosis

Answer 59

healthy diet, watch cholesterol level, don't smoke, monitor blood pressure regularly, treat hypertension asap

Question 60

balloon tip catheter is inserted into narrowed region of an artery and then inflated, forcing the lumen to expand. Stent is put in place to ensure lumen remains open, and becomes permanent part of vessel.

Answer 60

Angioplasty

Question 61

A vein or artery is dettached from its original location and grafted from the aorta to the coronary artery system, thus bypassing the areas of it atherosclerotic narrowing

Answer 61

Coronary Bypass Surgery

Question 62

most often a consequence of atherosclerosis. typically develops between renal arteries and common iliac arteries. potential surgical emergency. Detected by a pulsating abdominal mass. Treatment includes a stent graft through the femoral artery, but may not lead to a complete cure.

Answer 62

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Question 63

weak area in cerebral blood vessel that balloons out and fills with blood. Most commonly occur along arteries that form the cerebral arterial circle. Have potential to cause hemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, nerve damage, or death.

Answer 63

Berry (cerebral or saccular) Aneurysm

Question 64

sudden and extreme headache ("worst headache of my life"), double vision, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, loss of consciousness

Answer 64

Symptoms of a ruptured berry aneurysm

Question 65

congenital defects, hypertension, atherosclerosis, head trauma, or infection

Answer 65

possible causes of a Berry Aneurysm

Question 66

condition in infants where an embryonic artery fails to close off after birth. Blood from aorta is shunted to the pulmonary system. If left untreated, pulmonary hypertension may lead to failure of right ventricle. Circulating chemical prostaglandin keeps artery open. Treatment includes prostaglandin-inhibiting medication. If unsuccessful, artery must be surgically repaired.

Answer 66

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Question 67

fetal chemical responsible for keeping Ductus Arteriosus open until birth

Answer 67

prostaglandin

Question 68

Answer 68

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Question 69

Answer 69

Atherosclerotic Artery. Presence of Atheroma

Question 70

Answer 70

"Blue Baby" (cyanotic) due to Patent Foramen Ovale

Question 71

Answer 71

Endovascular Stent Graft for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Question 72

Answer 72

Jugular Vein Distension, JVD (only from external jugulars). sign of cardiac tamponade

Question 73

Answer 73

Fossa Ovalis

Question 74

Answer 74

IV in Median Cubital Vein

Question 75

Answer 75

Hepatic Portal System Pink= Splenic Vein Blue= Hepatic Portal Vein Green= Superior Mesenteric Vein Purple= Inferior Mesenteric Vein

Question 76

Answer 76

healthy artery

Question 77

Answer 77

Small Saphenous Vein

Question 78

Answer 78

Staphylococcal Nasal Abcess