Cell Cycle class notes

Question 1

cyclins: proteins made by the cell, for the cell
doesn’t use .. system
moderates the ..
.. dependent
regulates passage of … stages: … bind with cyclins to pass between cell cycle stages
monitoring progression through cell cycle

Answer 1

endomembrane; cell cycle; concentration; cell cycle; cyclin dependent kinases

Question 2

steps of cell cycle:
G1, G2, S –> …
M phase –> … and …

Answer 2

interphase; mitosis; cytokinesis

Question 3

multinucleated … cells –> undergo mitosis, but this is not followed by …
these only undergo ..
more … solves the problem of …, because it provides more … that the enlarging of the cell is diminishing. as such .. are more …

Answer 3

muscle; cytokinesis; mitosis; nuclei; surface area to volume ratio; surface area; larger muscle cells; efficient

Question 4

examples of cells that don’t undergo division: ..

these go into … –> no .., they don’t even go into …

Answer 4

neurons; G0; division; interphase

Question 5

… arm of chromosome has more strain during crossing over–> the genes on this arm are more likely to … in the offspring –> …/ … genes

Answer 5

short; appear together; linkage; linked

Question 6

… between genes is a factor in crossing over

… involved in crossing over

Answer 6

location; homologous pairs

Question 7

cancer treatments:
chemotherapy: involves ../…, etc to deliver … that target .. –> downside is that it targets … (whcih effects …) as well as .. cells, and .. of … system

Answer 7

IV; stent; chemicals; dividing cells; skin cells; hair; blood; lining; digestive

Question 8

cancer treatments:
radiation: focusing a … of a .. towards … to … them
can lead to …

Answer 8

beam; radioactive substance; rapidly dividing cells; kill; radiation sickness

Question 9

cancer treatments:

targeting … and .. to restore their proper function/ .. them depending on what the target is (… therapy, e.g. …)

Answer 9

ras; p53; disable; target; Gleevec

Question 10

G1: cells … and synthesize .. needed for …, regular .. function

Answer 10

grow; proteins; DNA replication; metabolic

Question 11

S: major function is .., using enzymes to … After this phase, each chromosome has …

Answer 11

DNA replication; copy the DNA; 2 chromatids

Question 12

G2: another period of .., more … are made, … grow and divide, cells continue their …

Answer 12

growth; proteins; organelles; normal function

Question 13

(mitosis) prophase: chromosomes …, … forms at edges of cells (made up of …)

Answer 13

condense; mitotic spindle; microtubules

Question 14

(mitosis) prometaphase: … is broken down, chromosomes beginning to …, …

Answer 14

nuclear envelope; line up; spindles attaching

Question 15

(mitosis) metaphase: …

Answer 15

chromosomes line up

Question 16

(mitosis) anaphase:

Answer 16

sister chromatids separate

Question 17

(mitosis) telophase: … reforms, two … present with individual … in them

Answer 17

nuclear envelope; nuclear envelopes; chromatids

Question 18

(mitosis) cytokinesis: division of

Answer 18

cytoplasm

Question 19

kinetochore: complex of .. associated with .. during cell division, this is where … of … attach
… produces the spindls
kinetochore .. of the spindle

Answer 19

proteins; centromere; microtubules; spindle; centrosome; shortens length

Question 20

proto-oncogene examples: …, …

Answer 20

ras; EGFR

Question 21

… cells undergo mitosis. … undergo meiosis

Answer 21

somatic; sex

Question 22

meiosis I: … separating, … occurs

meiosis II: … separating, relates more closely to …, … occurs

Answer 22

homologues; interkinesis; sister chromatids; mitosis; cytokinesis

Question 23

chiamsa: where homologous pairs … and where … occurs

Answer 23

link together; crossing over

Question 24

differentiation: difference in … from ..

Answer 24

gene expression; precursor cell

Question 25

cyclins are an ... regulation of the cell cycle

Answer 25

internal

Question 26

after the embryonic stage, (... days within humans), the cells can no longer ... into alll ... ..., not ..., occurs after this stage

Answer 26

4; differentiate; types of cells; growth; differentiation

Question 27

no differentiation of cells occurs during

Answer 27

fetal development

Question 28

parthenogenesis: female produces egg that develops without being ., always ..., occurs in ... (e.g. komodo dragons) and ...

Answer 28

fertilized; haploid; lizards; male bees

Question 29

external fertiliztion: eggs are ... by females nd . outside, occurs in

Answer 29

shed; fertilized; fish

Question 30

spawning: return to ... to have more ...

Answer 30

breeding ground; babies

Question 31

amphibians have ... fertilization, females lay ...

Answer 31

internal; fertilized egg

Question 32

internal fertilization is evolutionary adaptation for ..., less .. are produced

Answer 32

drier environment; gametes

Question 33

external gestation entails

Answer 33

laying eggs

Question 34

GnRH binds to receptors on ovaries/testes to release .../...

Answer 34

estrogen; testosterone

Question 35

ectopic pregnancy: embryo grows/implants in

Answer 35

fallopian tubes

Question 36

(oogenesis) within womb, a fetus starts to develop .., which are just starting ... --> ... occurs, arrested in ... until puberty

Answer 36

primary oocytes; meiosis I; crossing over; prophase I

Question 37

(oogenesis) in puberty, primary oocytes finish ... to form ... ... are also formed --> have nuclei that get ...

Answer 37

meiosis I; secondary oocytes; polar bodies; extruded

Question 38

(oogenesis) menstrual cycle: follicle provides ... to secondary oocytes (days 1-6) which enter ... FSH causes follicle to ... (days 6-13). The follicle then .... as part of ovulation (day 14). Goes to ... and follicle forms the .., which is signaled to release ... to build up ... in ... (day 14)

Answer 38

nutrients; interkinesis; grow; releases the oocyte; ovulation; fallopian tubes; corpus luteum; LH; blood supply; uterus walls

Question 39

(oogenesis) ovulation: .. spike --> follicle is ...

Answer 39

LH; rupturing

Question 40

(oogenesis) luteal phase (days 15-28): ... thicken, ... levels increase, as it is preparing for ... in pregnancy, the levels stay high without fertiliztion, .. meiosis iI occurs only after ...

Answer 40

endometrial walls of uterus; progesterone; implantation; wall and oocyte shed; fertilization

Question 41

moss has ... sperm: needs .. environment

Answer 41

flagellated; moist

Question 42

zona pelusida: egg takes some of the ... with it when it ruptures sperm has to penetrate through this and then the .. layer this is the ... tip of sperm head: ...

Answer 42

follicle; vitelline layer; jelly coat; acrosome

Question 43

acrosome releases ..to penetrate zona pelusida

Answer 43

hydrolytic enzymes

Question 44

... will fertilize the egg

Answer 44

fastest sperm

Question 45

perivitelline space: creates ...-like seal so that no more sperm can ... prevents ... from forming

Answer 45

cement; penetrate; multinucleated egg

Question 46

fertilization occurs in

Answer 46

fallopian tubes

Question 47

ectoderm: ... layer; brain, skin, nerves

Answer 47

outer

Question 48

mesoderm: .. layer; blood, muscles, bones, hearts, parts of digestive system

Answer 48

middle

Question 49

endoderm: .. layer; lungs, digestive system, alimentary canal

Answer 49

innermost

Question 50

cleavage: name of process of .. wthout ...

Answer 50

division; growth

Question 51

zygote --> ... --> ...

Answer 51

morula; blastocyst

Question 52

blastocst: ... ball that includes ...

Answer 52

hollow; inner cell mass

Question 53

blastocyst comes out and then has to penetrate the ... (...) .. then occurs

Answer 53

uterine lining; endometrium; gastrulation

Question 54

cells of the morula are .. stem cells-- can form ... cell, as well as the ...

Answer 54

totipotent; any other; placenta

Question 55

a blastula is ..-- can give rise to ... cells, already have a ... cannot produce ... ... in blastocyst matters

Answer 55

pluripotent; most other; destination; placenta; location

Question 56

within 13 days of conception, the cells can only produce a particular kind of line--> specified ... (e.g. liver precursor stem cells will only produce liver cells) ... stem cells ppresent at gastrulation's end (can only produce)

Answer 56

stem capabilities; multipotent; a few cells

Question 57

fetus has

Answer 57

multipotency

Question 58

testes start by ... and then ... throug front --> loosens ... (... is common in men)

Answer 58

heart; descend; abdominal lining; hernia

Question 59

if testes dont descend it can lead to

Answer 59

infertility

Question 60

precursor cells called ... | for males: ...

Answer 60

gonium; spermatogonia

Question 61

penis is ..., fills with ...which is what leads to an ...

Answer 61

spongy; blood; erection

Question 62

spermatogonia --> primary ... (undergoes meiosis I) --> secondary ... (meiosis II) --> ... (before ...) --> ...

Answer 62

spermatocyte;spermatocyte; spermatid; ejaculation; sperm

Question 63

gonadotropins: ... and ... have an effect on ... released by ...

Answer 63

FSH; LH; gonads; anterior pituitary

Question 64

paracrine gland: releases ... and ...

Answer 64

estrogen; progesterone

Question 65

corpus luteum starts as the ..., which degenerates into this structure releases .. and ... --thickens the ... (i.e. the ..-- a ... membrane), preparing for implantation

Answer 65

follicle; estrogen; progesterone; endometrium; uterine wall; mucous

Question 66

before placenta is formed, the embryo takes its nutreints from teh mother's ...

Answer 66

uterine lining

Question 67

estrogen: develops ... for females, kind of opposite of progesterone, there for development of .., acts directlyon the ...

Answer 67

secondary sex characteristics; egg; egg

Question 68

sperm meets

Answer 68

secondary oocyte

Question 69

ova =

Answer 69

egg

Question 70

FSh promotes the development of the follicle during the first phase of the ovarian cycle. the follicle then grows and secretes ... which leads to ... control of the FSH. estrogen levels build and the hypothalamus is then stimulated to secrete .., leading to ... and .... LH also promotes the development of the ... which produces progesterone as well as estrogen

Answer 70

estrogen; negative feedback; GnRH; LH; FSH; corpus luteum

Question 71

flies lay eggs (...) as they're ... | much more RNA at the ... of her laying and lower concentration when she ...

Answer 71

fertilized eggs; walking; start; finishes laying

Question 72

RNAs in eggs act as ... that allow ffor the formation of the anterior (... end) and the posterior (.. end)

Answer 72

transcription factors; head; tail