Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes Flashcards
1
Q
(NJCTL) all cells have 4 things in common
- They are surrounded by a …. (or …)
- they contain a … called the …/….
- they contain structures called …, which carry the cell’s …
- they have …,, which assemble … into ….
A
plasma membrane; cell membrane; semifluid substance; cytosol; cytoplasm; chromosomes; genes; ribosomes; amino acids; proteins
2
Q
(NJCTL) There are 3 key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
- eukaryotic cells are usually … than prokaryotic cells
- eukaryotic cells have … inside them called …
- most eukaryotes (but not all) are … organisms
A
larger; small compartments; organelles; multi-cellular
3
Q
(NJCTL) 2 types of prokaryotes:
A
bacteria and archaea
4
Q
(NJCTL) often we think of bacteria as being primarily harmful organisms. while there are harmful bacteria, most are beneficial; we depend on them.
Bacteria cover all … of our … This includes our … since that is also considered to be …
A
the external surfaces; bodies; digestive tracts; external
5
Q
(NJCTL) bacteria live in cooperation with you; they protect you against … and help you … Without these bacteria, which have evolved with us, as we evolved, we could not live healthy lives
A
harmful bacteria; digest food
6
Q
(NJCTL) The number of bacterial cells living on us is … than the number of our own cells. Those bacteria have more … genetic material than do our own genes. That bacterial genetic material allows them to create … or … that are essential to us
A
greater; unique; enzymes; products
7
Q
(NJCTL) newborn babies get … of these bacteria from their mothers, so that their … can function
A
innoculations; digestive systems
8
Q
(NJCTL) there are also bacteria in many … sources, like … and …
A
food; yogurt; cheese
9
Q
(NJCTL) when we take antibiotics to fight a harmful bacteria, it’s usually recommended to consume …, such as yogurt, to replace any of our … that might be accidentally harmed, as antibiotics are …
A
probiotics; helpful bacteria; non-specific
10
Q
(NJCTL) in fact, most antibiotics themselves are derived from … They are created in … by bacteria to fight … We then use them in the form of …. or … to fight harmful bacteria.
A
bacteria; nature; other bacteria; antibiotic pills; injections
11
Q
(NJCTL) archaea were classified as bacteria until very recently. In 1977, they were separated from bacteria into their own …, or …
A
domain; grouping
12
Q
(NJCTL) many archaea are …, organisms that live in environments where life had been considered impossible. They have been found living in areas of extreme … (such as …), … solutions of lower than … and higher than …, and solutions with high …, …, or … concentrations
A
extremophiles; temperature; hydrothermal vents; pH; 3; 9; salt; methane; heavy metal
13
Q
(NJCTL) while archaea have many cell structures and metabolic pathways in common with bacteria, research has shown that their genes and factors involved in their gene expression are more like those of ... (the class of organisms that include ..., ..., and ...). This has led scientists to believe that ... developed after .... ... branched off from ...
A
eukaryotes; animals; plants; fungi; archaea; bacteria; archaea; bacteria
14
Q
(NJCTL) all prokaryotes are …, meaning a … cell is considered an …
A
unicellular; single; entire organism
15
Q
(NJCTL) Prokaryotes can live on their own, but most form … — large … (…, …, or more) live in a … area
A
colonies; groups; millions; billions; tightly packed
16
Q
(NJCTL) Prokaryotes have a variety of … and …
A
shapes; functions
17
Q
(NJCTL) primary prokaryote shapes: …, …, …
A
spirochete; bacilli; cocci
18
Q
(NJCTL) bacilli: …-shaped
A
rod
19
Q
(NJCTL) cocci:
A
spherical
20
Q
(NJCTL) spirochete:
A
spiral
21
Q
(NJCTL) prokaryotes have many different structures, each having a specific job or function. These structures within the cell operate like small …. They are used for various functions that help maintain the … of the overall organism
A
molecular machines; life
22
Q
(NJCTL) Most prokaryotes have a … that prevents … in … solution
A
cell wall; rupturing; hypotonic
23
Q
(NJCTL) The cell wall is outside the cell’s … and maintains the cell’s …, provides …, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment
A
plasma membrane; shape; physical protection
24
Q
(NJCTL) In bacteria, this cell wall is made of a strong carbohydrate fiber called … In Archaea, various cell wall types exist.
A
peptidoglycan
25
(NJCTL) the cell wall of some prokaryotes is covered by a ..., a ... layer of ... or ... that allows them to ... to ....
capsule; sticky; polysaccharide; protein; adhere; surfaces
26
(NJCTL) most motile prokaryotes propel themselves by ..., a ...-like ... structure.
flagella; tail; protein
27
(NJCTL) The flagella allows prokaryotes to exhibit ..., the ability to move ... or ... from certain ...
taxis; toward; away; stimuli
28
(NJCTL) ... is movement in response to ... in the environment. .... is movement in response to ...
chemotaxis; chemicals; phototaxis; light
29
(NJCTL) positive chemotaxis: ...
| negative chemotaxis: ...
toward; away
30
(NJCTL) ... are thin, ... tubes originating from the prokaryotic cell membrane
pili; protein
31
(NJCTL) there are ... basic types of pili
two
32
(NJCTL) two types of pili:
- short ... pili, also known as ..., that are usually quite numerous- these allow cells to ... to other cells or to ... objects
- long ... pili, also called "..." or ... pili that are few in number- these allow bacteria to ... from one cell to another
attachment; fimbriae; attach; inanimate; conjugation; F; sex; transfer genetic information
33
(NJCTL) Sex pili are specialized ....
... bacteria creates sex pilus
... bacteria does not create sex pilus
fimbriae; F+; F-
34
(NJCTL) the fluid which fills the cell is called the ... - contains the ..., ..., etc.
the watery portion alone is the ...
cytoplasm; cytosol; enzymes; cytosol
35
(NJCTL) Floating in the cytoplasm are the ... and the ..., a ...-stranded, ... structure containing the prokaryote's ...
ribosomes; bacterial chromosome; double; circular; DNA
36
(NJCTL) Prokaryotes usually only have ... chromosome and the area where it is located is known as the ...
one; nucleoid
37
(NJCTL) many prokaryotes also have ... -- smaller ... molecules that are ... of the bacterial chromosome
plasmids; circular; independent
38
(NJCTL) plasmids are ... --> outside of ...
extra-chromosomal; chromosome
39
(NJCTL) plasmids contain genes for adaptations like ...., making a ... (...), making ..., and guarding against ...
resistance against antibiotics; sex-pilus; F-pilus; toxins; heavy metal toxicity
40
(NJCTL) The presence of an .. (or an ...) gives the prokaryotic cell the ability to have ..., by forming a sex pilus. This allows the prokaryote to donate ... to other prokaryotes in its colony, increasing their ...
F plasmid; F factor; fertility; DNA; genetic variability
41
(NJCTL) The "F" factor is located in the
bacterial chromosome
42
(NJCTL) ... plasmids give a bacterial cell antibiotic resistance
R
43
(NJCTL) Antibiotic resistance gives the bacterial cell immunity to certain types of ... When a bacterial cell is exposed to an antibiotic, individuals with the ... will survive and ... in the overall population
antibiotic; R plasmid; increase
44
(NJCTL) Prokaryotic cells divide and reproduce by ..., the splitting of one cell into two. In order for each cell to have a complete copy of the DNA, the bacterial chromosome must be ... prior to ...
binary fission; replicated; cell division
45
(NJCTL) Step 1 of binary fission is replication: 1 chromosome with 1 ...
- ...-... replication
- ... replication --> starts replicating at top, like a circle peeling off of another
daughter cell; semi-conservative; theta
46
(NJCTL) binary fission: no difference between ... and .... --> ... reproduction
parent; offspring; asexual
47
(NJCTL) After the chromosome is replicated in binary fission, the cell ... in ... with one copy in each new cell
divides; half
48
(NJCTL) at the time when prokaryotic cells were evolving, there were most likely different ... of cells. A cell's efficiency and ability to survive depended on its ...
sizes; surface area to volume ratio
49
(NJCTL) The ... of the cell determines the amount of ... activity it can carry out per unit time. The ... of the cell determines the amount of ... the cell can take in from the environment and the amount of ... it can release.
volume; chemical; surface area; substances; waste
50
(NJCTL) As a cell grows in size, its surface area to volume ratio ... It performs chemical reactions ..., but it has a harder time getting ... in and ... out
decreases; faster; nutrients; waste
51
(NJCTL) we know that cells need to be small enough so that they have an increased ..., but be large enough to perform the ... of metabolism.
The ... the cell, the larger its surface area and the smaller its volume.
The ... the cell, the smaller the surface are is compared to its large volume inside
surface area; chemical reactions; smaller; bigger
52
(NJCTL) eukaryotic cells are, on average, much ... than prokaryotic cells. the average diameter of most prokaryotic cells is between ... and ... micrometers. By contrast, most eukaryotic cells are between ... to ... micrometers in diameter.
larger; 1; 10; 5; 100
53
(NJCTL) to increase efficiency in the larger cell, eukaryotes evolved many bacterium-sized parts known as ... These subdivide the cell into ...
organelles; specialized compartments
54
(NJCTL) Organelles play many important roles in the cell. Some transport ... to the cell membrane. Others keep the molecules required for specific chemical reactions located within a certain ... so they do not need to ... long ... to be useful
wastes; compartment; diffuse; distances
55
(NJCTL) having organelles increases ... of eukaryotes, as they have ... to store/create ...
surface area; membranes; gradients
56
```
(NJCTL) organelles making up eukaryotic cells include: "
...
....
...
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
```
```
nucleus
lysosomes
ribosomes
peroxisomes
mitochondria
vacuoles
smooth ER
rough ER
chloroplasts
golgi apparatus
```
57
(NJCTL) even with organelles, the size of the cell is limited to about ... micrometers cubed. this is why large organisms must consist of many ...
1000; smaller cells
58
(NJCTL) types of eukaryotes: ..., ..., ..., ...
protists; fungi; plants; animals
59
(NJCTL) protists: the ... eukaryotic ... Protists are ...-celled eukaryotes. They range from ... to ...
fungi: these organisms evolved ... in time along with ... Examples include ..., ..., and ...
plants: plants vary in type from the first plants called ... to the modern ... plants
animals: animals were the ... eukaryotes to evolve. Animals range from ...and ... to ...
first; cells; single; protozoans; algae; second; plants; mushrooms; molds; mildews; mosses; flowering; last; ancient sponges; hydra; primates
60
(NJCTL) the defining organelle in eukaryotic cells is the ... This contains the ... and controls the cell's activities by directing ... from ...
nucleus; DNA; protein synthesis; DNA
61
(NJCTL) prokaryote = "before a .."
| eukaryote = "..."
nucleus; true nucleus
62
(NJCTL) The nucleus is enclosed by a double cell membrane structure called the ...
This has many openings called ... which help the nucleus "..." with other parts of the cell.
nuclear envelope; nuclear pores; communicate
63
(NJCTL) Inside the nucleus is a dense region known as the ..., where ... is made and ... are assembled. They then exit through the ...
nucleolus; rRNA; ribosomes; nuclear pores
64
(NJCTL) 3 main functions of the nucleus:
1. to keep and contain a safe copy of all ... (...) and pass them on to ... in ...
2. to assemble ... (specifically in the ...)
3. to ... DNA instructions into ... (via ...)
chromosomes; DNA; daughter cells; cell division; ribosomes; nucleolus; copy; RNA; transcription
65
(NJCTL) ribosome is made of ... and ... and this is where ... occurs
Ribosomes are NOT ...
rRNA; proteins; translation; organelles
66
(NJCTL) Ribosomes consist of two ..., a ... and a .... Each of these consists of proteins and rRNA. The two come together when ... need to be made
subunits; small; large; proteins
67
(NJCTL) recall ribosomes make ... between ... in translation. The instructions for making ribosomes are in the ... From DNA, ... is made. Some of these are ... and others hold the ... from the DNA to make the ... from ...
Central dogma:
DNA ---> RNA (by way of ...) --> proteins (by way of ...)
peptide bonds; amino acids; DNA; rRNA; structural; code; ribosomal proteins; mRNA; transcription; translation
68
(NJCTL) two types of ribosomes exist in eukaryotic cells: ... ribosomes and ... ribosomes
free; bound
69
(NJCTL) bound ribosomes are ... to ... in the cell's ...
| free ribosomes move ... through the ... and produce ... and ... used ... by the cell
attached internal membranes; endomembrane system; freely; cytoplasm; proteins; enzymes; internally
70
(NJCTL) 2 subunits of ribosomes clamp down on
mRNA
71
(NJCTL) several organelles, some made up mainly of ..., form a type of assembly line in the cell. They make a protein, then process and ship it to its final destination in the ... or ... the cell. Organelles included in this system include the .., .... and ...., ..., and ...
Collectively, we refer to them as the ..
Note that the ... is also considered part of the system
membranes; cell membrane; outside; nucleus; rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum; golgi apparatus; lysosomes; endomembrane system; plasma membrane
72
(NJCTL) When RNA leaves the nucleus, it enters the ... This organelle is a series of membrane-bound ... and .... It is continuous with the outer membrane of the ...
There are two types: ... and ...
endoplasmic reticulum (ER); sacs; tubules; nuclear envelope; rough; smooth
73
(NJCTL) Rough ER has ... attached to its membrane (thus a rough appearance). These synthesize proteins that will be used in the ..., ... the cell, or ... to another .. .called a ....
ribosomes; plasma membrane; secreted outside; shipped; organelle; lysosome
74
(NJCTL) As proteins are made by the ribosomes, they enter the ... of the ER where they are ... and ...
lumen (opening); folded; processed
75
(NJCTL) This type of ER is called smooth because it lacks ... on its surface.
There are a variety of functions of this organelle, which include:
making ...
processing certain ... and ... absorbed by the cell.
storing ... (for example, in muscle cells)
Note: the liver is an organ that detoxifies substances brought into the body. Therefore, they have huge amounts of smooth ER
ribosomes; lipids; drugs; poisons; calcium ions
76
(NJCTL) once the proteins are processed, short chains of sugars sometimes linked to these proteins, which are then known as ... These serve as "..." that will tell the protein where it will go
glycoproteins; zip codes
77
(NJCTL) when the molecule is ready to be exported out of the ER, it gets packaged into a ... THis is made of membranes from the ... itself and travels to another organelle known as the ..
transport vesicle; ER; Golgi apparatus
78
(NJCTL) The main function of the golgi apparatus is to .., ..., and ... cell products. it works like the postal department of the cell. Proteins and lipids enter through the ... face and exit through the .. face
finish; sort; ship; cis; trans
79
(NJCTL) the golgi is located near the ... and works closely with the ... of the cell. It receives and ... substances manufactured by the ... Once they are ... they are shipped out to other areas of the cell.
cell membrane; ER; modifies; ER; modified
80
(NJCTL) one key difference between the golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum is that the sacs comprising the golgi are not
interconnected
81
(NJCTL) Some proteins from the Golgi Apparatus are transported to the ..., an organelle ...
lysosomes; breaks down other substances
82
(NJCTL) Lysosomes are membrane-bound ... that consist of ... which break ... into ... through the addition of ..
vesicles; hydrolytic enzymes; polymers; monomers; water
83
(NJCTL) lysosomes are similar to the stomach in terms of .. action and are also ...
digestive; acidic
84
(NJCTL) Lysosomes may fuse with food-containing organelles called ... and then the enzymes ... the food, releasing ... into the cell's ...
The fusion ...
... do this
vacuoles; digest; nutrients; cytoplasm; activates enzymes; protists
85
(NJCTL) damaged or unneeded proteins may become enclosed within a membranous .. which then fuses with a ... The organic molecules from the breakdown process are ... and ... by the cell
vesicle; lysosome; recycled; reused;
86
(NJCTL) ... have many lysosomes because they must break down ...
white blood cells; pathogens
87
(NJCTL) peroxisomes are membrane-bound ... and are specific types of ... that forms and breaks down ... which is toxic to cells
vesicles lysosomes; hydrogen peroxide
88
(NJCTL) in all cells, hydrogen peroxide forms constantly from the combining of ... and ...as bi-products of .. and needs to be ... quickly
hydrogen; oxygen; metabolism; broken down
89
(NJCTL) H2O2 is broken down into
water and oxygen
90
(NJCTL) peroxisomes are not part of the
endomembrane system
91
(NJCTL) peroxisomes also produce ... and ...
bile salts; break down fats
92
(NJCTL) the 3 main functions of the plasma membrane:
- ... --> regulates ... of molecules .../... of the cell
- ... --> acts as a ...
- ... support
- also involved in ... and ... to ... as well as ... by way of ... and ...
selective permeability; transport; into; out; protection; barrier; structural; receiving; reacting; signals; cellular communication; glycolipids; glycoproteins
93
(NJCTL) many proteins created by the cell are too large to pass through the membrane, even using protein carriers or integral proteins. The substances use other ways of getting into/out of the cell by ... with the .. --> ... and ... which is ... and is a form of ...
fusing; cell membrane; exocytosis; endocytosis; bulk transport; active transport
94
(NJCTL) to excrete a macromolecule from the cell, the vesicles that enclose the proteins fuse with the plasma membrane and the vesicles then open up and spill their contents outside of the cell. This process is known as ... The vesicle will become part of the ... and can then make the cell ...
This ishow secretory proteins from the ... exit the cell and is true for ... in the pancreas
exocytosis; plasma membrane; larger; golgi; insulin
95
(NJCTL) insulin is a protein hormone made by ... in the islets in the pancreas that enable cells to take .. in from the ... It is a secretory protein made in the ... Specifically, it is secreted out of the ... cells into the ...
beta cells; glucose; blood; rough ER; pancreas; blood stream
96
(NJCTL) secretion of insulin is example of ... --> insulin is only secreted when blood glucose levels are ...
regulated secretion; elevated
97
(NJCTL) the opposite of exocytosis is ... In this process, the cell takes in ... or other particles by forming ... or ... from its ...
This is how many ... ingest food particles
endocytosis; macromolecules; vesicles; vacuoles; plasma membrane; protists
98
(NJCTL) 3 types of endocytosis: ..., ..., and ...
phagocytosis; pinocytosis; receptor-mediated endocytosis
99
(NJCTL) phagocytosis deals with ..., ... particles ("phago" means to ...) --> common in .. organisms like ..
can be seen by normal ...
solid; larger; eat; unicellular; amoebas; microscope
100
(NJCTL) pinocytosis is for taking in ... However what the cell wants is not that itself, but the ... that are .. in it (pino means to ...)
can be seen by ...
liquids or smaller particles; substances; dissolved; drink; electron microscope
101
(NJCTL) chloroplasts reside in plant cells and some protists and convert ... into ... stored in the cell for later use
solar radiation; energy
102
(NJCTL) mitochondria reside in all ... cells and convert ... from glucose into ...
eukaryotic; chemical energy; ATP
103
(NJCTL) interestingly, both chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own ..., separate from that found in the ... of the cell. They also have a ... cell membrane
DNA; nucleus; double
104
(NJCTL) chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy through ... Chloroplasts are partitioned into 3 major compartments by internal membrane:
..., ..., ...
photosynthesis; thylakoids; stroma; intermembrane space
105
(NJCTL) remember that during photosynthesis it is on the ... that the light dependent reactions take place. These are highly ... in ...
in eukaryotes, they are ... in the chloroplasts. The fluid outside of these is called the ... where the ... takes place
thylakoid; folded; prokaryotes; stacked; stroma; calvin cycle
106
(NJCTL) mitochondria; are sometimes referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell. they convert chemical energy to (glucose) into a more usable and regenerative form of chemical energy (ATP).
The mitochondrion is also partitioned like the chloroplast. They only have two compartments as opposed to three in the chloroplast: ..., ...
matrix; intermembrane space
107
(NJCTL) remember cell respiration must take place near a membrane so that a ... can be built in a membrane space that is separate from the rest of the cell. thus the membrane would separate the inner volvume, with a deficit of ..., from the outside, with an ...
in prokaryotes, the "intermembrane space" is between the ... and the ..
in eukaryotes, that membrane is the intermembrane space of the ... in between the ... and ...
proton gradient; protons; excess; cell membrane; cell wall; mitochondria; inner membrane; outer membrane
108
(NJCTL) the mitochondria and chloroplast are different from other eukaryotic organelles because they have their own ..., their own ..., and have a ... cell membrane. in 1970, lynn margulis published the theory of .. to explain these facts, which states that the mitochondria and chloroplasts were once ... that got taken up by another ...
the mitochondria was a ... that could make its own ... The chloroplast was a ... that could perform ...
DNA; ribosomes; double; endosymbiosis; free-living prokaryotes; prokaryote; bacteria; ATP; bacteria; photosynthesis
109
(NJCTL) some mitochondrial DNA is not in the cell nucleus, it is only passed along from ... to ...: animals, including you, inherit your mitochondria from your ... only. This is because the egg from our mothers contained her ... (Dad's sperm only contains the ..., none of his ... usually
mother; child; mother; organelles; chromosomes; organelles
110
(NJCTL) All of our organelles we inherited from our ... Mitochondrial DNA is a way to trace ... through a family or through a species. The "..." is the first human female that gave rise to all humans. In theory, we can trace all humans back to her through our ...
mothers; maternal heritage; mitochondrial eve; mitochondrial DNA
111
(NJCTL) ... are membranous sacs and they come in different shapes and sizes and have a variety of functions
vacuoles
112
(NJCTL) central vacuoles in plants store ... Absorbing ... makes a plant cell more ..., or having more ... inside - leading to ... and ...
water; water; turgid; pressure; strength; rigidity
113
(NJCTL) Central vacuoles that are full will take over most of the ... and literally push the organelles to the ... of the cell. It can also store ..., ..., and ..
cytoplasm; side; vital chemicals; pigments; waste products
114
(NJCTL) increased turgor pressure results from the central vacuole being ... with ... It presses out on the ... which then presses out on the ... but the plant cell will not ... or .... like an animal cell would in a hypotonic environment
filled; water; cell membrane; cell wall; explode; lose its shape
115
(NJCTL) when the turgor pressure decreases the cell is ... and ... this is associated with ..., ... lettuce, as well as ....
limp; droopy; wilted; limp; droopy flowers
116
(NJCTL) contractile vacuoles can be found in certain ... These act as a ... to expel excess ... from the cell. This is especially helpful to those organisms living in a .. to keep the cell from ..
single-celled protists; pump; water; freshwater environment; exploding
117
(NJCTL) food vacuoles are mainly found in ... The protist ingests .... The particles then fuse with a ... This contains ... that break the food down
protists; food particles; lysosome; hydrolytic enzymes
118
(NJCTL) cytoskeleton is a network of ... within the cytoplasm. Three types of fibers collectively make up the cytoskeleton:
..., ..., ...
These fibers provide ... support and are also involved in various types of ... and ...
fibers; microfilaments; intermediate filaments; microtubules; structural; movement; motility
119
(NJCTL) the cell wall is an outer layer in addition to the plasma membrane found in .., ..., and ...
fungi; algae; plant cells
120
(NJCTL) the composition of the cell wall varies among species and even between cells in the same ... All cell walls have ... embedded in a stiff .. of ... and other ...
individual; carbohydrate fibers; stiff matrix; proteins; carbohydrates
121
(NJCTL) plant cell walls are made of the polysaccharide ... Fungal cell walls are made of the polysaccharide ..
cellulose; chitin
122
(NJCTL) The cells of many multi-cellular animals are surrounded by a ..., which provides ... support to the cells in addition to providing various other functions such as ..., ..., separating ... from one another and regulating ... This is primarily comprised of an interlocking mesh of ... and ...
extracellular matrix (ECM); structural; anchorage; cellular healing; tissues; cellular communication; proteins; carbohydrates
123
transformation: alteration of genotype and phenotype by uptake of ... from the ..., which leads to .... This is achieved by way of ... that recognize and transport DNA from related species into the cell
foreign DNA; environment; genetic variation; cell-surface proteins
124
transduction: ... that infect bacteria -- ...-- carry ... from one host to another
viruses; phages; bacterial genes
125
specialized transduction: phages that integrate their ... into bacterial chromosome carry this out. They pick up ... genes as they exit the chromosome and transfer it to a new host
genome; bacterial;
126
transduction refers to phages that insert itself in the ... and the cell's ..., such that when bacterial cells reproduce by binary fission they continually have ...
cell DNA; viral DNA
127
conjugation: direct transfer of ... between two, temporarily joined, bacterial cells. One cell .. the DNA, and another ... it. This is achieved by way of a .., which attaches to the ... bacteria and pulls it in, such that a ... can form and ... can occur
genetic material; donates; receives; sex pilus; recipient; cytoplasmic mating bridge; DNA transfer
128
(NJCTL) the one that can form the sex pilus has the ... and is considered ...
they first make a ... of the ... so they don't lose it. After this, the sex pilus is extended, and it travels from the ... cell to the ... cell
F-plasmid; F+; copy; plasmid; F+; F-
129
(NJCTL) F refers to
fertillity factor
130
(NJCTL) transformation and transduction are more similar because they both involve an uptake of DNA from ..., neither require a second ... Difference is that ... is more specific
another source; bacterial cell; transduction
131
Frederick Griffith: ... of S. pneumoniae in ...
injected mice with R-strain --> mice ...
virulent S-strain --> mice ..
killed S-strain -> mice ...
heat killed S + live R --> mice .., due to ... that occurs in ... cells, live ... is found because .. was ... into ...
transformation; rats; lived; died; lived; died; transformation; R-strain; S; R; transformed S
132
f factor is a special piece of DNA that enables bacteria to form ... and donate .. during conjugation
sex pili; DNA
133
f plasmid can cause
antibiotic resistance
134
Hfr cells have the F factor .. .into their ...
| Hfr stands for ...
built; chromosomes; high frequency of recombination
135
R plasmids: genes that code for ... that destroy particular ... R stands for ...
enzymes; antibiotics; resistance
136
the first eukaryotes --> ...
| had ...-like structures and underwent ...
alphaproteobacteria; mitochondria; cellular respiration
137
primary endosymbiosis: the initial process of ... the first ... (....)
engulfing; prokaryotes; cyanobacterium
138
secondary endosymbiosis: .. and ... were ingested into the ... of another eukaryote
red; green algae; food vacuole
139
cyanobacterium: ... color, ...
blue-green; photosynthesize
140
evidence for alphaproteobacteria: presence of ... that all cells have
mitochondria
141
evidence for primary endosymbiosis
... atmosphere
... membrane
presence of .. within those organelles
oxidizing; double; circular DNA
142
evidence for secondary endosymbiosis:
plastids contain their own ... and ... --> ...
plastids have .. membranes, because they were engulfed ...
vestigial nuclei; photosynthesize; nucleomorphs; 4; twice
143
plasmodium vivax is ... and ... Mostly ... and ... die from malaria. The former have .. that are not fully ... and the latter have more ...
eukaryotic; unicellular; children; pregnant women; immune systems; developed; blood cells
144
when an infected mosquito bites a human host, ... infect .. cells and mature into .. that release .. by way of asexual reproduction. these are released into ... when ... cells ... The .. then reproduce and become ..., which another mosquito will pick up when the host is bitten again. In the mosquito's stomach, .. become ... which become .. that form .. which ... and release new ... that can be injected into another host
sporozoites; liver; schizonts; merozoites; red blood cells; liver cells; burst; merozoites; gametocytes; gametocytes; gametes; zygotes; oocysts; rupture; sporozites
145
the unique organelle of plasmodium falciparum is called an ... and allows it to ... into ...
apicoplast; burrow; red blood cells
146
sickle cell anemia originated in .. and either ... or ... as a result of a ...
africa; saudi arabia; india; mutation
147
if you have sickle cell anemia, you can beat malaria because the red blood cells are .. so malaria cannot ... into the RBCs, which ... the parasite
abnormally shaped; gain access; starves
148
three domaisn
eukarya; archaea; bacteria
149
strepto: ... to .., ...-like
stafillo: ... of cells
end; end; chain; clumping
150
introns: .. of DNA
segments
151
similarities and differences between bacteria, archaea, and eukarya:
nuclear envelope present only in ...
membrane-enclosed organelles present only in ..
peptidoglycan present only in ...
membrane lipids are branched only in ...
RNA polymerase is varied in ... and ...
initiator amino acid for protein synthesis is formyl-methionine in ... and methionine in ... and ...
introns are present in ... and ... and rare in ...
growth is inhibited due to antibiotics like steptomycin and chloramphenicol only in ...
histones is associated with DNA in ... and ...
circular chromosomes are present in ...
ability to grow at temperatures above 100 celcius is only for ...
eukarya; eukarya; bacteria; archaea; archaea; eukarya; bacteria; eukarya; archaea; eukarya; archaea; bacteria; bacteria; eukarya; archaea; bacteria; archaea; archeae
152
commonalities in protists: most are ... and use .. and have ...
unicellular; aerobic metabolism; mitochondria
153
difference between protists and prokaryotes: basically all differences between ... and ...
eukaryotes; prokaryotes
154
3 categories of protists: ..., ..., and ...
photosynthetic plant-like algae; absorptive fungus-like organisms; animal-like
155
plant-like algae protists: mostly ..., but others are ... (e.g. euglena)
don't have ...
...
photosynthetic; consumers; chloroplsts; heterotrophic
156
plant-like algae protists:
| algae --> ..., ..., and ... due to differing pigments used for ...
red; brown; green; photosynthesis
157
plant-like algae protists:
| red algae- contain most of the world's ..., have ..., ..., ..., attach to ...
seaweeds; chlorophyll; multicellular; colonize; rocks
158
plant-like algae protists:
| brown: live in ... climates, attach to .., form ... in ocean, have .. and ... pigment
colder; rocks; beds; chlorophyll; yellowish-brown
159
plant-like algae protists:
| green: ... is primary pigment, live in ... and ... as well as ..., both ... and ...
chlorophyll; water; soil; melting snow; unicellular; multicellular
160
fungus-like protists: like fungi --> ..., have .., and reproduce by way of .. (reproductive cells resistant to ...)
most are not ...
heterotrophs; cell walls; spores; harsh environment; motive
161
fungus-like protists:
| .. molds and .. molds
slime; water
162
fungus-like protists:
slime molds- about 1-2 cm, often ... colors
present mainly in ...
bright; rotting logs
163
fungus-like protists:
water molds: most live in .../...
parasites to ...
common problem for ..., can cause many .. like in Irish potato famine in 1800s
water; moist soil; plants; farmers; diseases
164
fungus-like protists:
YACS (...): used in ..., enable large fragments of ... to be ..., whole ..., larger than ..., much more ... than BAC or plasmid, based on ...
yeast artifical chromosomes; genetic engineering; DNA; cloned; chromosomes; plasmids; DNA storage; F-plasmid
165
fungus-like protists:
agrobacterium tumefaciens: ground gall, affects ..., can be used for genetic engineering, has ... plasmid that is genetically engineered to have genes that they want to put back into the ... --> can be put directly into the ..., rather than putting it back into bacteria
plants; ti; plant; plant cell
166
animal like protists: ...,
e. g. typanosoma: long ... that rotate in propellor like fasion, caused by microscopic parasites of species, transmitted by .. found in rural Africa, can be ...
e. g. apicomplexans: paristes that spread through their .., called ..., apex of cell contains organelles specialized to transmit thing into ..., intracate life cycles with ... and ... processes, requires ... or more .. species, can continaully change ... to confuse ...
heterotrophs; tails; flies; fatal; hosts; sporozoites; tissues; sexual; asexual; 2; host speices; surface proteins; immune system
