Chapter 3 Flashcards by Gail I

four types of organic molecules (…) exist in organisms: …, .., …, and …

biomolecules; carbs; lipids; proteins; nucleic acids

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even a simple bacterial cell contains some … organic molecules

5000

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because cells are … water, the degree to which an organic molecule interacts with water affects its ..

70-90%; function

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isomers are molecules with identical … but different … of their atoms

molecular formulas; arrangements;

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isomers have different … and …differently with other molecules

chemical properties; react

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carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are called biomolecules because certain … are known to be rich in them

rich

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cellular enzymes carry out .. reactions to synthesize … in this type of reaction, a … is removed and a covalent bond is made between two atoms of the ..

dehydration reactions; biomolecules; water molecule; monomers

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in a dehydration reaction, a … group is removed from one monomer and a .. is removed from the other. this produces …, and because it is leaving the monomers, it is dehydration

hydroxyl; hydrogen; water

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.. reactions break down polymers in reverse of dehydration

hydrolysis

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a … group from … attaches to one monomer and … attaches to the other

hydroxyl; water; hydrogen

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monosaccharides are … with a backbone of .. to … carbon atoms

simple sugars; 3; 7

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most monosaccharides or organisms have … carbons (…)

six; hexose

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glucose, fructose, and galactose are …, but are … of one another

hexoses; isomers

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glucose is found in the … of animals; it is the source of … (…) in nearly all organisms

blood; biochemical energy; atp

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ribose and deoxyribose are … carbon sugars (…); they contribute to the backbones of .. and …, respectively

five; pentoses; rna; dna

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disaccharides contain two … joined by a … reaction

monosaccharides; dehydration reaction

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(disaccharides) maltose is composed of two … molecules; forms in the … of humans during .. digestion

glucose; digestive tract; starch

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(disaccharides) sucrose (… sugar) is composed of … and …, it used to … for human consumption

table; glucose; fructose; sweeten food

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(disaccharides) lactose is composed of … and … and is found in …

galactose; glucose; milk

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polysaccharides are polymers of …. They are not … and do not pass through the … of the cell

monosaccharides; soluble in water; plasma membrane

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starch, found in many .., is a … chain of … molecules with relatively few …

plants; straight; glucose; side branches

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… and … are the two forms of starch found in plants

amylose; amylopectin

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glycogen is a highly … polymer of … with many …. it is the storage form of … in …

branched; glucose; side branches; glucose; animals

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cellulose is a polymer of … which forms …, the primary constituent of …

glucose; microfibrils; plant cell walls

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cotton is nearly ...

pure cellulose

cellulose is ... by humans due to the unique bond between glucose molecules

indigestible

grazing animals can digest cellulose due to special ... and ...

stomachs; bacteria

cellulose is the most .... on earth

abundant organic molecule

chitin is a polymer of ... with an ... attached to each ... molecule

glucose; amino group; glucose

chitin is the primary constituent of the ... of ... and related animals

exoskeleton; crabs

chitin is not ... by humans

digestible

peptidoglycan is a polymer of ... and is found in ...

glucose derivatives ; bacteria

lipids are varied in

structure

lipids are .. that are ... in water because they lack ...

hydrocarbons; insoluble; polar groups

fat provides ... and ... in animals

insulation; energy storage

phospholipids form ... and steroids are important ...

plasma membranes; cell messengers

waxes have ... functions in many organisms

protective

fats and oils contain two molecular units:

glycerol and fatty acids

a fatty acid is a long ... chain with a ... at one end

hydrocarbon; carboxyl

most fatty acids in cells contain .... to ... carbons per molecule

16; 18

saturated fatty acids have no ... between their carbon atoms

double bonds

unsaturated fatty acids have ... in the carbon chain where there are less than two ... per carbon

double bonds; hydrogens

the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids may have chemical groups arranged on the same side (...) or on the opposite side (...). these 2 configurations affect the unsaturated fatty acids ...

cis configuration; trans configuration; biological activity

glycerol is a water-soluble compound with

three hydroxyl groups

triglycerides are ... joined to ... by ... reactions

glycerol; 3 fatty acids; dehydration

fats contain ... and are ... at room temperature

saturated fatty acids; solid

oils contain ... and are ... at room temperature

unsaturated fatty acids; liquid

animals use ... rather than ... for ... energy storage, ... stores more energy

fat; glycogen; long-term; fat

phospholipids are constructed like ... expect that the third fatty acid is replaced by a ...; this usually bonds to another ...

neutral fats; polar phosphate group; organic group

the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids become the

nonpolar tails

phospholipids arrange themselves in a ... in .., so the polar heads face toward ... and nonpolar tails face toward ..., away from ...

double layer; water; water molecules; each other; water

double layer property enables phospholipids to form an ... or ... between 2 solutions (... and ... of a cell); the plasma membrane is a ...

interface; separation; interior; exterior; phospholipid bilayer

steroids have skeletons of ... fused carbon rings and vary according to ... these determine the ... of the various steroids

4; attached functional groups; biological functions;

cholesterol is a component of an animal cell's .... and is the precursor of the ...

plasma membrane; steroid hormone

waxes are long-chain ... bonded to long-chain ...

fatty acids; alcohols

waxes have a high ..., are ..., and resist ...

melting pt; waterproof; degradation

waxes form a ... covering in plants that retards ... in ... and ...

protective; water loss; leaves; fruits

in animals, waxes maintain ... and ..., trap ... and ..., and form the..

animal skin; fur; dust; dirt; honeycomb

metabolic enzymes are proteins that act as ... to accelerate chemical reactions ...

organic catalysts; within cells

support proteins include ..., which makes up hair and nails, and ..., which support many of the bodys structures

keratin; collagen fibers;

transport functions include ... and ... in the plasma membrane, and ... that transports oxygen in red blood cells

channel; carrier proteins; hemoglobin

defense functions include ... that prevent infection

antibodies

hormones are ... proteins that influence the ... of cells. for example, insulin regulates ... content of blood and within cells

regulatory; metabolism; glucose

motion within cells and by muscle contraction is provided by the proteins .. and ...

myosin; actin

peptide bond is a ... between two ...

covalent bond; amino acids

atoms of a peptide bond share electrons

unevenly

the polarity of the peptide bond permits ... between different ... in a polypeptide

hydrogen bonding; amino acids

a peptide is

two or more amino acids bonded together

polypeptides are chains of many ... joined by ... bonds

amino acids; peptide

a protein may contain more than one ... chain; it can thus have a very large number of

polypeptide; amino acids

the 3d shape of a protein is critical for its

function

the r group of amino acid cystine ends witha ... that serves to connect one chain of amino acids to another by a ...

sulfhydryl; disulfide bond

there are ... different amino accids commonly found in cells

protein shape determines the ...of the protein in the organisms; proteins can have up to ... levels of structure

function; four

the primary structure is the protein's own particular sequence of

amino acids

the secondary structure results when a polypeptide ... or ... in a particular way

coils; folds

in a peptide bond, oxygen is partially ..., hydrogen is partially ... which allows for ... between the C=O of one amino acid and the ... of another

negative; positive; hydrogen bonding; N-H

hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid holds the spiral shape of an

alpha helix

pleated beta sheet polypeptides turn back

upon themselves

hydrogen bonding occurs between

extended lengths

fibrous proteins are structural proteins with ... and/or ... that ... to one another

structural proteins; helices; pleated sheets; hydrogen bond

tertiary structure results when proteins are ... giving rise to the final ... shape of the protein. this is due to interactions among the .. groups of the constituent amino acids

folded; 3d; r-groups

globular proteins tend to ball up into

rounded shapes

strong disulfide linkages maintain the ... shape; ..., ..., and ... bonds also contribute

tertiary; hydrogen; ionic; covalent

there are conditions in which the enzyme/protein will lose its natural shape. this is called

denaturation

quaternary structure results when two or more

polypeptides combine

hemoglobin is globular protein with a ... structure of four polypeptides; each polypetide has a .., ..., and ... structure

quaternary; primary; secondary; tertiary

as proteins are synthesized, ... help them fold into their correct shapes. these may also correct ... of a new protein and prevent them from making incorrect shapes

chaperone proteins; misfolding

certain diseases are likely due to misfolded proteins, called

prions

nucleic acids are polymers of ..., stores ... in cells

nucleotides; info

DNA stores the ... for its own replication and for the ... in proteins

genetic code; amino acid sequences

RNA allows for ... of the genetic code of DNA into the amino acid sequence of proteins

translation

some nucleotides have independent ... in cells

metabolic functions

coenzymes are molecules which facilitate

enzymatic reactions

ATP is a nucleotide used to supply energy for ... rreactions and other ...-requiring metabolic activities in the cell

synthetic; energy

nucleotides are a molecular complex of three types of molecules: a .., a ..., and a... base

phosphate; pentose sugar; nitrogen-contain

in rna, base ... occurs instead of base ...

uracil; thymine

dna is ... whereas rna is ..

double-stranded; single-stranded

complementary base pairing occurs where two strands of dna are held together by ... between ... and ... bases

hydrogen bonds; purine; pyrimidine;

the number of purien bases always ... the number of pyrimidine bases

equals

thymine is always paired with ..., cytosine always with ...

adenine; guanine

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide n which ... is composed of ... and ..

adenosine; ribose; adenine

triphosphate derives its name from three ... attached together and to the ...

phosphate groups; ribose

atp is a high-energy molecule because the last two phosphate bonds

release energy when broken

in cell,s the terminal phosphate bond is ..., leaing ...; energy is ... when this occurs

hydrolyzed; adp; released

the energy released from atp breakdown is ued in the ... process of the cell

energy-requiring

Chapter 3 Flashcards

(106 cards)