Emergence of Organic Molecules Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
(big bang) theory states that all of the mass in the universe was once compacted into
A
one small point
2
Q
(big bang) universe was then created by a massive … and it has been … ever since
A
explosion; expanding
3
Q
(big bang) .. precedes theory
A
hypothesis
4
Q
(big bang) a theory is … among scientists, allows for a … explanation, where a hypothesis is limited
A
widely accepted; complete
5
Q
(big bang) best described as … → infinitely .., … point of high …
A
singularity; hot; small; density
6
Q
(big bang) not like an explosion → best compared to
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balloon being blown up
7
Q
(big bang) occurred about … years ago
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14 billion
8
Q
(big bang) before this, … existed (LIEESSS)
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nothing
9
Q
(big bang) the universe will continue to
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expand
10
Q
(big bang) the age of Earth is about … years
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4.6 billion
11
Q
(big bang) the early universe was almost completely made of … and …
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hydrogen; helium
12
Q
(big bang) none of the heavier elements existed at the
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dawn of the universe
13
Q
(big bang) earth formed about … years after the start of the universe, and in that time stars were … and …
A
10 billion; born; died
14
Q
(big bang) all the heavier atoms on the periodic table were created by … inside those stars, or when they …
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nuclear fusion; exploded
15
Q
(big bang) when the early stars died explosively (… and …) those heavier elements were … into space
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novae; supernovae; scattered
16
Q
(big bang) when earth and its solar system formed, it was in a cloud of … which included all the ….; no new … have been created since earth formed
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matter; naturally occurring elements in periodic table; elements
17
Q
(big bang) what came first? atoms, electromagnetic force, neutrons, or quarks
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electromagnetic force
18
Q
(big bang) electromagnetic force had to come first because there must be a … to even form atoms
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force of attraction
19
Q
(early earth) earth’s atmosphere was composed of mix of compounds, the most prevalent of which were: …, …, …, …, …, …
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water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, methane, ammonia
20
Q
(early earth) earth was also subject to intense … and …
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lightning; ultraviolet radiation
21
Q
(early earth) early earth atmosphere contained practically no .., as this gas is not expelled during …
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oxygen; volcanic eruptions
22
Q
(early earth) oxygen gas first entered the atmosphere as a byproduct of …. initial oxygen production reacted with …, producing banded … formations. these formations have been used to date the evolution of photosynthesis to approximately … years ago
A
photosynthesis; iron; iron; 2.45 billion years
23
Q
(early earth) … underwent photosynthesis
A
cyanobacteria
24
Q
(early earth) as earth’s crust cooled and solidified, water vapor condensed to create
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oceans
25
(early earth) water is thought to have been brought to Earth by ... in the early solar system
comets
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(early earth) ... of Earth's surface is submerged in water, this is the main reason Earth is habitable
3/4
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(water) the polarity of water causes it to act like a ..., attracting other molecules that have positive and negative poles
magnet
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(water) polarity of water gives it several important properties that allowed for life on Earth: ability to moderate ..., versatility as a ..., ... behavior
temperature; solvent; cohesive
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(water) water has a very high specific heat. this means that a great amount of energy is needed to raise the temperature of water by a few degrees. because of this, temps on earth's surface can undergo extreme variations without water
freezing or boiling away
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(water) life's chemical reactions need to occur in ..., in water, ... can ... and ... can occur
solution; nutrients; dissolve; chemical reactions
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(water) cohesive behavior allows water to bend ... molecules into ...
carbon (organic); 3-D shapes
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(organic monomers from space) the ... in the solar system, from which Earth formed, was rich in organic chemicals
dust
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(organic monomers from space) meteorites striking earth would have hit with lower .. since the atmosphere was ..., organic components would have ...
velocity; thicker; survived
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(organic monomers from space) estimated that several million kg of organic chemicals fall as ... to earth each year
cosmic dust
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(organic monomers from reactions) the oxygen-rich atmosphere of today is ... and breaks ...
corrosive; molecular bonds
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(organic monomers from reactions) recent experiments, improving on miller's, have produced most of the naturally occurring organic molecules including:
amino acids, sugars, lipids, nucleotides
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(4 conditions required for chemical evolution) absence of ... in the atmosphere: this would have broken down any large organic molecule by ....
oxygen; accepting electrons
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(4 conditions required for chemical evolution) high energy input: at that point in time, the sun was producing massive amounts of
ultraviolet radiation
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(4 conditions required for chemical evolution) micromolecules: the inorganic molecules had to be in the ... and ....
atmosphere; primitive oceans
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(4 conditions required for chemical evolution) time: adequate time had to pass to give the molecules a chance to ..., ..., and ...
form; react; reform
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polymers are formed through process called
dehydration synthesis
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the process of chemical evolution relies on molecules reacting with one another to form new molecules. reacting together also involves breaking molecules apart. This process is called ...
hydrolysis
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hydrocarbons form the framework from which the 4 different classes of macromolecules have been derived. these are:
carbs, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids
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(carbs) carbs have equal amounts of ... and ... atoms, but twice as many ... The general formula for a carb is ...
carbon; oxygen; hydrogen; CxH2xOx
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(carbs) monosaccharides are .. sugars, which include ... and ....
simple; glucose; fructose
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(carbs) monosaccharides form ... molecules
ring-shaped
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(carbs) basic roles of monosaccharides:
- ... to do ...
- raw materials for ...
- monomers from which ... are synthesized
fuel; work; carbon backbones; larger carbs
48
(carbs) sugars all have several ... groups in their structure that makes them .. in water
hydroxyl; polar
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(carbs) cells link 2 simple sugars together to form
disaccharides
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(carbs) disaccharide formation is another example of a ... reaction, the same reaction used to create ...
dehydration reaction; proteins
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(carbs) the most common disaccharide is ... ( ..+ ...)
sucrose; glucose; fructose
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(polysaccharides) polysaccharides are polymers of
glucose
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(polysaccharides) different organisms link monosaccharides together, using dehydration reactions, to form several different polysaccharides. The most important 3 are ..., ..., and ...
starch; glycogen; cellulose
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(polysaccharides) starch is used for ... in ..., can be ... or ...
long term energy storage; plants; branched; unbranched
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(polysaccharides) glycogen has the same kind of bond between monomers as ... but it is always highly ...
starch; branched
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(polysaccharides) glycogen is used for ... in .... It's used in ... to provide a local supply of ... when needed and is broken down to ...
long term energy storage; animals; muscles; energy; glucose
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(polysaccharides) cellulose is a carb used to make .. in ...
cell walls; plants
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(polysaccharides) cellulose has a different kind of bond between monomers, forming chains that are cross-linked by
hydrogen bonds
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(polysaccharides) in order for cells to obtain energy from polysaccharides, they must first be ... into .... Therefore, ... occurs, breaking the polysaccharide into ...
broken down; monosaccharides; hydrolysis; glucose molecules
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(nucleic acids) compounds consisting of ..., ..., ..., ..., and ...
carbon; hydrogen; oxygen; nitrogen; phosphorus
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(nucleic acids) two main types of nucleic acids are
DNA and RNA
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(nucleic acids) nucleic acids are chains of ... linked together by ... bonds
nucleotides; phosphodiester
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(nucleic acids) parts of a nucleotide: .... ( a ... compound), a ..., a ....
base; nitrogen; sugar; phosphate
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(nucleic acids) ribonucleic acid uses the sugar ... while DNA uses the sugar ...
ribose; deoxyribose
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(nucleic acids) nucleotides: each strand is unique due to is sequence of .... In this way, ... is stored in the sequence of nucleotides.
bases; genetic information
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(nucleic acids) since the bases are not part of the ... or the ..., the base sequence is ... of them. any base sequence is possible
sugar; bond; independent
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(RNA) RNA is usually ... stranded, so it can take on many different ...
single; shapes
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(RNA) .... bonds form between different bases, and between bases and ... these bonds cause RNA to form ...
hydrogen; water; different shapes
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(RNA) adenine bonds with ..., and cytosine bonds with...
uracil; guanine
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(DNA) ... stranded, forms only one shape: ...
double; double-helix
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(DNA) pair bonding between nucleotides is between guanine and ..., and adenine and ...
cytosine; thymine
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(proteins) compounds consisting of ..., ... and ..., ..., and sometimes ...
carbon; hydrogen; oxygen; nitrogen; sulfur
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(proteins) also called ... or ...
peptides; polypeptides
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(proteins) chains of ... linked together by ...
amino acids; peptide bonds
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(proteins) there are ... amino acids used to construct the vast majority of proteins. while there are a few others that are sometimes used, these are the "..." amino acids
20; standard
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(proteins) all life on earth uses virtually the same set of... to construct its proteins
amino acids
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(proteins) amino acids always include an ... group, a .... group, and a ... that is unique to each amino acid
amine; carboxyl; side chain
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(proteins) the side chain determines the ... of each amino acid
unique properties
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(proteins) ... is critical to the function of a protein and depends on four levels of structure:
shape; primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
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(proteins) the primary structure of a protein is the ... that comprise it
sequence of amino acids
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(proteins) each protein consists of a unique ..
amino acid sequence
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(proteins) secondary structure is a result of ... formation between ... and ... groups of amino acids in each polypeptide chain
hydrogen bond; amine; carboxyl
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(proteins) secondary structure: depending on where the groups are relative to one another, the secondary structure takes the shape of an ... or a ...
alpha helix; pleated sheet
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(proteins) tertiary structure is the overall ... shape of the polypeptide. this shape determines the protein's .... and results from the clustering of ... and .... .. and .... between them along helices and pleats
3-D; function; hydrophobic; hydrophilic; R-groups; bonds
85
(proteins) denaturation: changes in ..., ..., and ... can cause proteins to lose their ....
heat; pH; salinity; functionality;
86
(proteins) some proteins have a ... structure, which consists of more than one ... interacting with each other through ... bond and .../... interactions
quaternary; polypeptide chain; hydrogen; hydrophobic/hydrophilic
87
(proteins) 7 different roles:
- ...: ..., cell ...
- ....: as part of ... and other ... cells
- ...: sources of ....
- ....: ..., ... proteins
- ...: ..., ... proteins
- ...: ..., ... proteins
- ...: regulate speeds of ...
structural; hair; cytoskeleton; contractile; muscle; motile; storage; amino acids; defense; antibodies; membrane; transport; hemoglobin; membrane; signaling; hormones; membrane; enzymatic; chemical reactions
88
(lipids) lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that do not consist of
polymers
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(lipids) main functions of lipids include: ... storage, the major component of ...., involved with ... activities
energy; cell membrane; metabolic
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amphiphilic molecules have a ... and a.... so one of its ends is attracted to ..., while the other end is repelled
hydrophobic tail; hydrophilic head; water
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lipids are either
hydrophobic or amphiphilic
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(triglycerides: hydrophobic lipids) constructed from two types of smaller molecules: a single ... and ....
glycerol; three fatty acids
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(triglycerides: hydrophobic lipids) fatty acids are ... acids with a very long chain of .... They vary in ... and the number and locations of ... they contain
carboxylic; carbon atoms; length; double bonds
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(phospholipids: amphiphilic lipids) phospholipids have 2 ... and 1 ...,
fatty acids; phosphate group
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(phospholipids: amphiphilic lipids) the phosphate end is ... and ... with water. the fatty acids are made of long chains of ... and ..., making them ...; as a result, the phosphate end is ... and the fatty-acid end is .... overall, phospholipids are ...
polar; hydrogen bonds; carbon; hydrogen; nonpolar; hydrophilic; hydrophobic; amphiphilic
96
(steroids) lipids with backbones which form .... Cholesterol is an important steroid as are the male and female sex hormones, .... and ...
rings; testosterone; estrogen
97
RNA has been shown to be capable of some of the key functions enabling life: ..., ..., and ...
replication; metabolism; catalyzation
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abiogenesis particularly refers to the processes by which
life on Earth may have arisen
99
... year old cyanobacteria are the oldest and ... life forms ever discovered
3.5 billion; simplest
100
membranes are the natural condition of ... when placed in aqueous solution
phospholipids
101
some of the common features of all life on earth that make a universal ancestor a logical necessity includes the following:
all life on earth uses the identical
- universal .... that makes all life's structures possible
- ... in DNA and RNA
- DNA and RNA ...., enzymes that make polymers
- .... for sending genetic messages
- .... for gathering amino acids
- .... for assembling proteins
genetic code; base pair coding; polymerases; mRNA; tRNA; ribosomes;
102
other common features that prove LUCA:
- .... of amino acids
- .... that are used to build all proteins
- ... as the ultimate energy source (very few exceptions)
- ... for making cell membranes
- ... for growth
- .. and ... for creating potential
- .... as the "currency" of energy to power all their systems
- ... to power production of ATP
l-isomers; 20 amino acids; glucose; lipid bilayer; cellular division; sodium; potassium ion pumps; atp; atp synthase
103
the evolution of luca occurred between ... and ... billion years ago
3.9; 3.5
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fossilized stromatolities provide evidence that the first organisms on earth were ...
prokaryotic cells
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the earliest stromatolites have been dated to ... billion years ago; these cells were/are very limited in their capabilities to perform the ...
3.5; functions of life
106
early prokaryotic cells are the simplest packet of chemicals capable of doing all the functions that ...
define life
107
life is defined a set of conditions that separate .... from the ...
abiotic; biotic
