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Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

(NJCTL) A virus is a small … agent that can replicate only inside the … of organisms, though they are not organisms themselves

A

infectious; living cells

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2
Q

(NJCTL) Viruses are particles that are not considered living because they cannot perform all the functions of living things (e.g., …)
However, they share the same … and use the mechanism of host cells to …

A

metabolism; genetic code; reproduce

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3
Q

(NJCTL) T-even viruses have a … containing …, a …, …, a …/…, and … which are necessary for …

A

head; DNA; collar; sheath; base plate/end plate; tail fibers; attachment

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4
Q

(NJCTL) In biology viruses are important because their genetic and reproductive strategies use the same … but their use is unique. Scientists have learned a lot about genetics by understanding their strategies. In addition, their infectious nature makes them a threat that requires humans to understand how they work to create defensive technology.

A

molecular components

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5
Q

(NJCTL) H-spike allows flu/viruses to …
N-spike allows it to …
bubbles are … .

A

gain access; exit; virus particles budding

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6
Q

(NJCTL) immunity: have … that bind to … of viruses and .. them for destruction by way of …

A

antibodies; surface proteins; tag; macrophages

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7
Q

(NJCTL) The general mode of operation for all viruses is to:
infect a host cell with its …
hijack the molecular machinery of the host cell to … needed to ….
package the parts together to form new … for … from host cell

A

genetic information; manufacture the parts; build more viruses; viruses; release

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8
Q

(NJCTL) Viruses are …. parasites, which means they can reproduce only within a … Each virus has a …; it is limited by type of … that it can infect (due to similarities in … (?))

A

obligate intracellular; host cell; host range; host cells; glycoproteins

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9
Q

(NJCTL) Viruses use …, …, and other parts of the host cell to synthesize new viruses

A

enzymes; ribosomes

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10
Q

(NJCTL) zoonosis: virus can jump from … to …

this does not equate to …

A

species; species; pathogenicity

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11
Q

(NJCTL) viruses consist of 2 main macromolecules: … and ….

A

proteins; nucleic acids

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12
Q

(NJCTL) flus come from

A

birds

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13
Q

(NJCTL) the lytic cycle is a viral reproduction that causes the … of the host cell. It produces new … and digests the host’s … thereby releasing new viruses.

A

death; phages; cell wall

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14
Q

(NJCTL) Unlike the lytic cycle which is detrimental to the host cell, the … cell does not cause the cell to die

A

lysogenic

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15
Q

(NJCTL) In the lysogenic cycle, the virus’s DNA is … into the host’s … Then the bacteria cell continues to … through …, copying the … and its own together

A

incorporated; DNA; replicate; binary fission; viral DNA

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16
Q

(NJCTL) many viruses are only able to utilize the lytic cycle. Some viruses, called …, can utilize both the lytic and lysogenic cycles

A

temperate phages

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17
Q

(NJCTL) When a temperate phage switches from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle, it separates its … from the …. and then proceeds through the steps of the … as usual

A

phage DNA; host DNA; lytic cycle

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18
Q

(NJCTL) temperate phages

however, sometimes when the virus DNA separates it takes with it some of the … –> …

A

bacteria’s DNA; transduction

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19
Q

(NJCTL) Viruses do not contain

A

ribosomes

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20
Q

(NJCTL) The lysogenic cycle increases … in a population of cells

A

genetic variation

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21
Q

(NJCTL) … phages are DNA viruses

A

T even

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22
Q

(NJCTL) some viruses use DNA as their genetic material. It does not contain …, so in order for it to reproduce it must inject its DNA into a cell so that it an be … by the host cell’s …

A

DNA polymerase; copied; polymerase

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23
Q

(NJCTL) An RNA virus is a virus that has … as its genetic material. This nucleic acid is usually … (ssRNA), but may be … (dsRNA). Some human diseases caused by RNA viruses include …, …, …, …, … and …, …

A

RNA; single-stranded; double-stranded; SARS; influenza; hep C; West Nile fever; polio; measles; smallpox

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24
Q

(NJCTL) Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a vital … disease in humans. They are enveloped … that are pathogens of … and … This group of viruses causes … infections in a variety of animals, including humans

A

respiratory; RNA viruses; mammals; birds; respiratory tract

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25
(NJCTL) A retrovirus is an RNA virus that replicates in a host cell, like ... First it uses its own ... enzyme to produce ... from its ..., reverse of the usual pattern, thus retro.
HIV; reverse transcriptase; DNA; RNA
26
(NJCTL) Retrovirus: This new DNA is then incorporated into the host's ... by an ... enzyme. The cell then treats the viral DNA as part of its own instructions, which it follows blindly, making the ... required to assemble new copies of the virus. Retro viruses have enzymes that allow access into ... HIV only access ... cells
genome; integrase; proteins; nuclear envelope; T-helper
27
(NJCTL) Retro viruses are some of the most complex and believed to be the most advanced from an evolutionary perspective. For a virus, their entry system into cells is highly complex. They have systems to bypass the usual ... of their host cell.
defenses
28
(NJCTL) CD4 receptor that HIV binds to is found only on ... cells. For HIV, some RNA leaves the cell, others are used for ... into enzymes like reverse transcriptase
T-helper; translation
29
(NJCTL) HIV is particularly dangerous because it attacks the immune system and fools it into treating it is as part of the system. No immune attack is offered by the infected cells. The complex replication system is flawed and many errors are made as the virus replicates its genome, indicating that many ... occur. This makes it difficult to treat because the virus does not stay the ... More than 1 form per patient. Attacking the virus would also attack ...
mutations; same; immune system
30
(NJCTL) What part of the virus enters the bacterial cytoplasm
the nucleic acid
31
(NJCTL) The rapid mutation rate of RNA viruses as compared to DNA viruses is due to the fact that DNA is more ... than RNA
structurally stable
32
(NJCTL) ... are a class of enzymes used by bacteria as weapons against invading phages. They look for specific ... in pieces of DNA and ... them, thereby destroying the foreign DNA entering the cell
Restriction enzymes; sequences; cut
33
(NJCTL) animals have two categories of defense against invaders: ... and ...
innate immunity; acquired immunity
34
(NJCTL) innate immune defenses are .. systems, preventing invasion by all ... Acquired immune defenses are developed during the animal's lifetime and respond only to ..., those that have been encountered previously. This is only in vertebrates
generalized; pathogens; specific invaders;
35
immunity for bacteria comes by way of ..., which ... viral DNA
restriction enzymes; cut
36
lytic cycle ... cell wall, and consists of 5 stages: ..., ..., ..., ..., and ...
ruptures; attachment; penetration; biosynthesis; maturation; release
37
(lytic cycle) attachment: ... combines with ... on the bacterial cell wall
capsid; receptor
38
(lytic cycle) penetration: viral DNA enters the host after an ... ... part of the ...
enzyme; digests; cell wall
39
(lytic cycle) biosynthesis: ... are synthesized and the virus inactivates ... that aren't necessary to ....
viral components; host genes; viral replication
40
(lytic cycle) maturation: viral ... and .... are assembled to produce ... and ... --> an enzyme that .... the ...
DNA; capsids; viral products; lysozyme; lyses; cell wall
41
(lytic cycle) release: new viruses ... the host cell, bacterial cell ...
leave; dies
42
(lysogenic cycle) the virus incorporates its DNA into that of the bacteria after attachment and penetration, viral DNA is integrated into the bacterial DNA without ... the host DNA --> ...
damaging; integration
43
(lysogenic cycle) when dormant, the viral DNA is a ... which is ... with the host DNA, and the subsequent cells, which have the ..., are called ... cells
prophage; replicated; prophage; lysogenic
44
(lysogenic cycle) environmental factors then stimulate the commencement of the ..., and ... continues as it would in the lytic cycle
biosynthesis; reproduction
45
(animal virus) if an animal virus has a viral envelope, it will ... to ... on the cell membrane by way of ...
bind; receptors; glycoproteins
46
(animal virus) the viral genome penetrates the cell, covered by the ... and ... and these are removed once the virus is inside
capsid; envelope
47
(animal virus) biosynthesis then occurs and assembled viral particles are released via ..., in which the virus picks up its ..., which consists of ..., ..., and ... from the host cell, primarily from the cell's ... --> similar to ... Cell becomes "virus factory"
budding; envelope; lipids; proteins; carbs; plasma membrane; exocytosis
48
(animal virus) differences between bacterial and animal viruses site of attachment: bacterial is ... proteins, animal is ... proteins and ... penetration: bacterial- ... enters, animal- ... enters via endocytosis biosynthesis can occur in the ... along with the ... for animal viruses, where it only occurs in the ... for bacteriophages
cell wall; plasma membrane; glycoproteins; viral DNA; capsid; nucleus; cytoplasm; cytoplasm;
49
differences between animal and bacterial viruses cont: release incorporates ..., not ... for animal viruses for animal viruses, most incorporate themselves into ...
budding; lysing; host DNA
50
differences between animal and bacterial viruses cont: bacterial viruses are mostly ... and ... viruses, in animals there are ..., ..., ..., ..., ..., ..., viruses BASICALLY, greater types of viruses in animals, of entirely different natures --> more ...
DNA; RNA; single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA, single-stranded mRNA, double-stranded mRNA, positive mRNA, negative RNA; complexity
51
retroviruses infect the already ...
differentiated white blood cells
52
white blood cells/red blood cells don't ..., they are produced by ... ...
divide; bone marrow; differentiation
53
viral envelopes cover ... (virus's ...) and helps the virus avoid the ...
capsids; protein shell; immune system
54
our defense against viruses: ... system, ... cells
immune; natural killer
55
(Antivirals) sweet gum helps create ... (prime ingredient - ...) which is medicine people use for ..., has an ... property
tamiflu; shikimic acid; influenza; antiviral
56
(Antivirals) antivirals don't actually "kill" viruses --> they ... of the illness
shorten duration
57
(Antivirals) antivirals operate on either ... or ...
H; N spikes
58
(Antivirals) Shikimic acid works on the ... and prevents the virus from ..
N spike; budding
59
(Antivirals) viruses are prevented by taking
vaccines
60
(Antivirals) Sepsis: related to toxic shock syndrome, when an infection goes into
tissues
61
(vaccines) massively fatal discontinuities of life: ... million people would die severe ... most probable of all of these disasters
100; flu pandemic
62
(vaccines) power of vaccines like a whisper: ... cells in lymphatic system- cultivated such that they become .. cells
B memory; plasma
63
(vaccines) ... and ... are viruses that were effectively eradicated by using vaccines
smallpox; polio
64
(vaccines) humans don't have natural immunity for
HIV
65
(vaccines) HIV affects ... cells and ..., as well as ... cells.
dendritic; macrophages; T helper
66
(vaccines) Memory B cells turn into plasma cells that produce ... that prevent ... Vaccines speed up rate at which ... turn into ... and thus enhance our own immune functions
antibodies; infection; memory B cells; plasma cells
67
(vaccines) when flu and HIV mutate, they change shape such that the antibodies can't
recognize them anymore
68
(vaccines) Broadly neutralizing antibodies: ... and ... many forms of the infection new surface structures found that changes very little as virus ... --> this is what the broadly neutralizing antibiotics latch onto
latches on; disables;; mutates
69
(vaccines) ... spots also don't change much when virus mutates, and antibodies could latch onto it and destroy it
M2e
70
(vaccines) Smaller vaccine such that it can be made by way of ... which reproduce .., rather than using ...
bacteria; quickly; chicken eggs
71
(vaccines) working backwards from antibody to vaccine:
retro vaccinology

AP Bio (32 decks)

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