Essential Chem (19-23)

Question 1

H2O + H2O → H3O+ + OH-

water dissociates into .. and … in … amounts. As such, water is …, with a pH of …

Answer 1

hydronium; hydroxide; stoichiometrically equal; neutral; 7 at 25 degrees C

Question 2

What defines an acid and a base?

An acid increases …. and acts as a ….
A base increases …. and acts as a ….

Answer 2

hydronium concentration; proton donor; hydroxide concentration; proton acceptor

Question 3

Why are small changes in pH so important in biology?

A “small” change in pH is not truly small as pH= …. These changes are particularly substantial due to the fat that the …

Answer 3

-log[H+]; range of pHs in which organisms can survive is small

Question 4

What is a buffer? A buffer …. and consists of either a … and its …. or a …. and its …

Answer 4

resists pH changes

Question 5

when in biology would you need to know https://www.brainscape.com/molarity?

Answer 5

for pHs

Question 6

(used to measure) nano

Answer 6

amino acids

Question 7

(used to measure) mili

Answer 7

frog egg

Question 8

(used to measure) centi

Answer 8

ant

Question 9

(used to measure) deca

Answer 9

blue whale

Question 10

(used to measure) kilo

Answer 10

city to city

Question 11

(used to measure) mega

Answer 11

earth to moon

Question 12

(used to measure) micro

Answer 12

chloroplast, organelles

Question 13

concentration gradient: process of particles moving through …. from areas of … to areas of …

Answer 13

solutions; gases; higher concentration; lower concentration

Question 14

osmosis: … of water→ water moves through … from regions of … to regions of ….

Answer 14

diffusion; semi-permeable membrane; low solute concentrations; high solute concentration

Question 15

hypertonic: molar concentration of …. in solution is …., causing water to flow …, which can cause the cell to …

Answer 15

solute; more than that in cell; shrink

Question 16

isotonic: molar concentrations of solute in …, and water movement occurs …. does not necessarily suggest …

Answer 16

both environments are equal; at fixed rate; equilibrium

Question 17

hypotonic: molar concentration of solute in solution is …, causing water to flow …, which can cause animal cells to …. due to …. (…. for plant cells)

Answer 17

less than that in the cell; into the cell; burst; swelling; ideal

Question 18

turgid/turgor pressure: … in …. cells resulting from ….

Answer 18

resistance; plant cells; water movement into the cell

Question 19

plasmolysis: …. of a … cell due to …

Answer 19

contraction; plant; loss of water

Question 20

crenation: in … cells, …. of the cell due to …. when environment is …

Answer 20

animal; shriveling; water leaving the cell; hypertonic

Question 21

tonicity refers to

Answer 21

salt concentration

Question 22

strong acids and bases …

Answer 22

ionize readily and completely

Question 23

weak acids and base

Answer 23

dissociate only slightly

Question 24

conjugate acid is the acid that is formed when a base

Answer 24

accepts a proton from an acid

Question 25

conjugate base is the base that is formed when an acid

Answer 25

donates a proton to a base

Question 26

Ka (equilibrium constant) measures ... in terms of .... Based on chemical equation and is equal to ...

Answer 26

strength of an acid; concentrations; [H+][A-]/ [HA]

Question 27

Larger Ka is ... acid, opposite is true

Answer 27

stronger

Question 28

HCl in ...- moves from ... into rest of ...- requires ...

Answer 28

stomach; stomach; digestive system; buffering

Question 29

pH in blood range: | pKa will be

Answer 29

7.35-7.45; close to this

Question 30

protein that carries oxygen to cells:

Answer 30

hemoglobin (in red blood cells)

Question 31

CO2 can be carried by .... or by ... into ... BUT mainly carried as .../...

Answer 31

hemoglobin; dissolving; blood; carbonic acid; bicarbonate;

Question 32

acidosis: pH ... normal range

Answer 32

below

Question 33

alkalosis: pH ... normal range

Answer 33

above

Question 34

As pH increases, h3o+ concentration .... and the solution becomes increasingly ...

Answer 34

decreases; basic

Question 35

Each pH value is ... for exaple, from pH 2 to pH 4, H+ concentration decreases ...

Answer 35

10 times; 100-fold

Question 36

(Buffering system in blood) equation:

Answer 36

H+ + HCO3- ⇄ H2CO3 ⇄ H2O + CO2

Question 37

pH has influence on

Answer 37

enzymatic action

Question 38

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a ... protein that carries ... throughout ...

Answer 38

globular; gases; blood

Question 39

carbonic anhydrase: ... that increases rate at which ... is formed from ....

Answer 39

enzyme; carbonic acid; carbon dioxide and water

Question 40

HCO3- is the primary

Answer 40

CO2 carrier

Question 41

blood is most acidic anywhere .... (any ...)→ ....

Answer 41

CO2 is produced; cell; tissue

Question 42

At tissues, Hb changes shape to

Answer 42

release oxygen

Question 43

in lungs, shape of Hb should have affinity for

Answer 43

oxygen

Question 44

want to make sure blood leaving heart ...., blood returning ...

Answer 44

has oxygen; shouldn't have oxygen