Mendelian Genetics

Question 1

(Mendel) law of dominance: one allele

Answer 1

masks another

Question 2

(Mendel) law of segregation: alleles separate during ….

looks at … —> ..

Answer 2

gamete production; one gene; one trait

Question 3

(Mendel) law of independent assortment: during gamete production as well, two alleles …
actually … separate
looks at … traits

Answer 3

separate independently; homologous chromosomes; two

Question 4

(Mendel) phenotype: characteristic that is …, ….

Answer 4

expressed; seen

Question 5

(Mendel) genotype: .., …, or …

Answer 5

heterozygous (Aa); homozygous dominant (AA); homozygous recessive (aa)

Question 6

(Mendel) genetic crosses are performed between organisms that give … –> … (…)
e.g. mice, plants, dogs, pigs, turtles

Answer 6

many offspring; large samples; large number of offspring

Question 7

(Mendel) using pure breeds in … –> … x ….

Answer 7

P generation; AA; aa

Question 8

(Mendel) P in p generation stands for …, but this is also …

Answer 8

parent; purebred

Question 9

(Mendel) … generation –> two of these are then mated, leading to the … generatioon

Answer 9

first filial (F1); F2

Question 10

(Mendel) dominant allele is not equivalent to …

Answer 10

prevalence in population

Question 11

(Mendel) idea of masking is specific to … (not always true–> there are ….–… of the two traits manifesting itself in the phenotype)

Answer 11

Mendel’s studies; intermediate traits; combination

Question 12

(Mendel) Mendel observing … characteristics only –> cherry-picking data

Answer 12

7

Question 13

(Mendel) independent assortment suggested by … ratio for the two traits

Answer 13

9:3:3:1

Question 14

(NJCTL) heredity is the … to offspring from parents. this is the process by which an offspring organism acquires, or becomes likely to have, the … of its parent organisms. Through heredity, variations exhibited by individuals can … and cause some … to evolve. the study of heredity in biology is called …

Answer 14

passing of traits; characteristics; accumulate; species; genetics

Question 15

(NJCTL) two individuals have a genetic relationship If one is the … of the other, or if they share a … In evolutionary theory, species which share an evolutionary ancestor are said to be of …
The gene pool of the chimp and bonobo share 99.6% of the same genes. 98.7% of human genes are common with the bonobo

Answer 15

ancestor; common ancestor; common descent

Question 16

(NJCTL) … is the molecule that is used to store information. … are the basic unit of heredity. a … is defined as a discrete package of genes that is used to transfer information. the … is where genes are kept in eukaryotic organisms

Answer 16

DNA; genes; chromosome; nucleus

Question 17

(NJCTL) reproduction is a requirement for … The 2 methods of reproduction that are most frequently used:
1) Asexual … in prokaryotes –> This method is simple but produces …
2) … in multicellular eukaryotes –> This method is highly complex, requiring massive amounts of … The trade off is more …
Single celled eukaryotes can take advantage of … to produce offspring …

Answer 17

heredity; binary fission; minimal variation; sexual reproduction; energy; variation; asexual mitosis; daughter cells

Question 18

(NJCTL) filial means

Answer 18

brotherly

Question 19

(NJCTL) Mendel’s first hypothesis:

there are alternative forms of genes that account for … in inherited characteristics –> …

Answer 19

variations; alleles

Question 20

(NJCTL) Mendel’s second hypothesis:
for each characteristic, an organism inherits … (one from each parent). These may be the same or they may be different.
Technically the offspring is inheriting … for many different … contained on a …. Each gamete contributes a full set of haploid chromatids containing one allele for every possible trait.

Answer 20

two alleles; a group of alleles; traits; chromosome;

Question 21

(NJCTL) Mendel’s third hypothesis: If the two alleles of a pair are different (…), one determines the appearance and is called the … allele

Answer 21

heterozygous; dominant

Question 22

(NJCTL) We now understand that “dominant” allele does NOT … the “recessive” allele. It simply … the phenotype of the recessive. Both alleles are … in the diploid offspring. This often leads to … that are a combination of …

Answer 22

overcome; masks; active; masking; allele variants

Question 23

(NJCTL) Mendel’s fourth hypothesis:
A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each trait because allele pairs … from each other during …
In meiosis, a complex shuffling of chromosomes and the production of 4 genetically unique sex cells from one diploid cell leads to massive amounts of possible variations. This leads to a practically infinite number of trait combination and a healthier population.

Answer 23

separate; sex cell formation

Question 24

(NJCTL) When Mendel chose his pea plant traits he did so very carefully. In fact, sometimes he would not et the desired results and … –> … data

Answer 24

omit them from his studies; cherry-picking

Question 25

(NJCTL) The Law of Segregation is based on Mendel's ... (... trait) crosses. (up to .. boxes in Punnett square)

Answer 25

monohybrid; single; 4

Question 26

(NJCTL) To understand Mendel's second law, the law of independent assortment, he had to look at ... traits simultaneously, a ... cross (up to ... boxes in Punnett square)

Answer 26

2; dihybrid; 16

Question 27

(NJCTL) The Law of Independent Assortment states that separate genes for separate traits are passed ... from parents to offspring. The biological selection of one gene's allele pair for a particular trait has ... with the selection of any other genes for any other trait.

Answer 27

independently; nothing to do

Question 28

(NJCTL) If you discover observed results fit closely with the expected result for independent assortment, then you should conclude that the genes are ... Otherwise, the genes are ... and their inheritance is not ...

Answer 28

unlinked; linked; independent