class notes for work and energy

Question 1

electromagnetic spectrum revealed because of … and … fields

Answer 1

magnetic; electric

Question 2

hertz: …, what … is measured in

Answer 2

1/s; frequency

Question 3

very short wavelengths are more

Answer 3

penetrating

Question 4

chemiosmosis: … transport of …

Answer 4

passive; H+

Question 5

valves prevent

Answer 5

backflow

Question 6

xylem sap flows from … to …

pits: … to prevent …

Answer 6

roots; leaves; valves; backflow

Question 7

… have most narrow xylem to assist movement of water … into the plant

Answer 7

roots; upward

Question 8

(C4 plants) two types of photosynthetic cells: … and …

Answer 8

bundle-sheath cells; mesophyll

Question 9

(C4 plants) bundle-sheath: cells that are arranged in tight … around …

Answer 9

sheaths; leaf veins

Question 10

(C4 plants) mesophyll: cells between the … and the … that are more … arranged

Answer 10

bundle sheath; leaf surface; loosely

Question 11

(C4 plants) Calvin cycle occurs only in

Answer 11

bundle-sheath chloroplasts

Question 12

(C4 plants) CO2 is brought into the … and attached to … there.

Answer 12

mesophyll; organic molecules

Question 13

(C4 plants) PEP Carboxylase: enzyme that attaches … to …, forming a ..-C product (…)

Answer 13

CO2; PEP; 4; oxaloacetate

Question 14

(C4 plants) PEPCase has greater affinity for … than rubisco, functions in … that rubisco does not function in (… and …)

Answer 14

CO2; climates; hot; arid

Question 15

(C4 plants) hot and arid environment causes stomata to be …, such that … concentration within the leaf falls, while … concentration rises

Answer 15

partially closed; CO2; O2

Question 16

(C4 plants) mesophyll cells export the 4-C molecule to the … cells by way of … These release … in the … cells, which then undergo the ..

Answer 16

bundle-sheath; plasmodesmata; CO2; bundle-sheath; Calvin cycle

Question 17

(C4 plants) … is regenerated and converted to … in mesophyll cells

Answer 17

pyruvate; PEP

Question 18

(C4 plants) mesophyll pumps CO2 into the bundle-sheath in sufficient concentrations such that rubisco would bond to … instead of …

Answer 18

CO2; O2

Question 19

(C4 plants) C4 photosynthesis minimizes … and increases … production, which is why it is advantageous for organisms in hot and arid environments

Answer 19

photorespiration; sugar

Question 20

(CAM plants) also advantageous for an … environment –> … plants in such environments tend to use this

Answer 20

arid; water-storing

Question 21

(CAM plants) stomata is open at … and closing during the …, which leads to …, but also prevents entrance of … during the …

Answer 21

night; daytime; water retention; CO2; day

Question 22

(CAM plants) CO2 is taken in and attached to .. during the … –> crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

Answer 22

organic acids; night

Question 23

(CAM plants) organic acids made at night are stored in the

Answer 23

mesophyll vacuoles

Question 24

(CAM plants) In daytime, light reactions allow for the Calvin cycle to proceed, and the CO2 from the organic acids is … and used to produce … in the …

Answer 24

released; carbs; chloroplasts

Question 25

(CAM plants) C4 and CAM both incorporate CO2 into organic molecules ... using it in the Calvin Cycle In C4 plants, the initial steps are separated ..., but in CAM plants all of these processes occur in the ..

Answer 25

before; spatially; mesophyll

Question 26

(photorespiration) examples of c3 plants

Answer 26

rice, wheat, soybeans

Question 27

(photorespiration) in hot, dry conditions, the calvin cycle does not provide enough .. due to shortage of ...

Answer 27

sugar; CO2

Question 28

(photorespiration) when CO2 becomes scarce, rubisco adds ... to the Calvin cycle instead, forming a ... compound that leaves the chloroplast. ... and ... rearrange and split the compound forming ... which is released

Answer 28

oxygen; 2-C; peroxisomes; mitochondria; CO2

Question 29

(photorespiration) no ... or ... produced, unlike cellular respiration/photosynthesis, decreases ... output

Answer 29

ATP; sugar; photosynthetic

Question 30

(photorespiration) photorespiration may be a remnant of evolution from a much earlier time, when ... was more abundant in the atmosphere. At the time, it was unimportant whether ... or ... bonded to the active site of rubisco, and so this affinity still remains to some extent

Answer 30

oxygen; O2; CO2;

Question 31

(photorespiration) photorespiration limits ... and drains ...% of C fixed by calvin cycle

Answer 31

crop yield; 50

Question 32

.... is protected by the root cap. root cap cells must constantly be replaced because they get ground off by rough soil particles when the root ...

Answer 32

root apical meristem; grows

Question 33

term stem is associated with ... (cells that are not fully ..., give rise to more than one type of ...

Answer 33

progenitor; developed; cells

Question 34

primary meristems are in the ..., which provides new cells to the ...

Answer 34

zone of cell division; zone of elongation

Question 35

zone of elongation: cells ... when they become ...

Answer 35

lengthen; specialized

Question 36

zone of maturation: fully ... cells here, ... are present in this region

Answer 36

differentiated; root hairs

Question 37

epidermis: .. layer of the root, ... layer of cells

Answer 37

outer; singe

Question 38

cortex: next to the ..., irregularly shaped cells that are loosely packed which then allows ... and ... to move through it without entering the ...

Answer 38

epidermis; water; minerals; cells

Question 39

cells in cortex contain .., and cortex functions in ...

Answer 39

starch granules; food storage

Question 40

endodermis: single layer of ... cells, forms a boundary between the ... and inner ..., bordered on four sides by a layer of ... and ... called the ...

Answer 40

rectangular; cortex; vascular cylinder; lignin; suberin; Casparian strip

Question 41

casparian strip prevents passage of water and mineral ions between ..., results in only access to vascular cylinder being through the ... themselves

Answer 41

adjacent cell walls; endodermal cells

Question 42

water has higher .. inside the casparian strip to simulate situation in which root has ... than outside such that water can continually flow ...

Answer 42

concentration; lower concentration; in

Question 43

pericycle: first layer of cells in the ... --> can divide and prompt the development of .../... ...

Answer 43

vascular cylinder; branch; lateral; roots

Question 44

vascular cylinder contains ... and ...

Answer 44

xylem; phloem

Question 45

primary root: grows straight ..., ... root | ... --> e.g. carrots, beets, turnips, radishes

Answer 45

down; dominant; taproot

Question 46

fibrous root system is present in plants that do not have a ..., but rather have many ... roots growing from the lower nodes on the stem (e.g. grasses)

Answer 46

primary; slender

Question 47

adventitious roots: emerge above ... and develops from the .. (e.g. english ivy)

Answer 47

soil line; shoot system

Question 48

pneumatophores: root projections that rise above water that allow roots to gain ... for ..., can be utilized for .. purposes

Answer 48

o2; respiration; parasitic

Question 49

root nodules: ... bacteria live there ---> .. relationship, bacteria reduces ... for the plant

Answer 49

nitrogen-fixing; symbiotic; nitrogen

Question 50

meristem: protoderm: outermost ..., develops into the ... ground meristem: produces 2 ... (... and ...) procambium: produces first ... cells (primary ...) and first ... cells (primary ...)

Answer 50

primary meristem; epidermis; tissues; pith; cortex; xylem; xylem; phloem; phloem

Question 51

phototropism: | the ... of a plant in response to ..., either ... or ... from the light source

Answer 51

orientation; light; toward; away

Question 52

auxin induces ... phototropism (... the light source) due to the elongation of cells in the ...

Answer 52

positive; toward; shady region

Question 53

... phototropism: plant growth that curves ... from light

Answer 53

negative; away

Question 54

... was an evolutionist who recognized that mitochondria appeared to be similar to ...

Answer 54

lynn margulis; bacteria

Question 55

margulis, with a professor, discovered that there was ... in chloroplasts. She devloped a theory that .. was a driving factor in ..., and identified it as a situation that led to the origin of ...

Answer 55

DNA; symbiosis; photosynthesis; organelles

Question 56

... developed the endosymbiotic theory

Answer 56

lynn margulis