Cellular Defenses & Lymphatic System Flashcards
(44 cards)
(NJCTL) … are a class of enzymes used by bacteria as weapons against invading …
restriction enzymes; phages
(NJCTL) restriction enzymes look for specific … in pieces of … and … them, thereby destroying the foreign DNA entering the cell
sequences; DNA; cut
(NJCTL) restriction enzymes are now used by scientists to … specific genes on a DNA molecule. DNA mixed with these enzymes are called … because the enzymes break down the fragments of DNA into many smaller pieces.
We must separate the unique pieces of DNA in the … and select the fragment we want
locate; digests; digest
(NJCTL) … is one way to separate DNA fragments based on …
gel electrophoresis; length
(NJCTL) gel electrophoresis
the digest is loaded by pipet into a … that resembles Jello. This is a network of … called …
… pieces of DNA can move through it quicker than the … pieces that get tangled in the fibers
gel; fibers; collagen; small; longer
(NJCTL) gel electrophoresis
DNA has a slightly … charge. An electrical current is passed through the gel and the DNA fragments move to the … charge. … fragments move faster, … fragments are slowed down by the …
negative; positive; small; larger; matrix
(NJCTL) The result of gel electrophoresis is that the small pieces can travel … than the larger ones. The DNA is separated by … in what is known as a ….
farther; size; banding pattern
(NJCTL) Animals have multiple defenses against invaders. These are classified into two categories: … immunity and … immunity
innate; acquired
(NJCTL) Innate immune defenses are … systems, preventing invasion by … pathogens. All animals have some degree of … immunity
generalized; all; innate
(NJCTL) Acquired immune defenses are developed during the animal’s … and respond only to …, those that have been encountered previously. These defenses are only found in ..
lifetime; specific invaders; vertebrates
(NJCTL) innate immunity
the … is a barrier defense with unique adaptation to protect the body
skin
(NJCTL) … crowds the surface of the skin, making it hard for … to find room.
Thick layers of … in the epidermis creates a physical barrier.
symbiotic bacteria; unwelcome bacteria; dead cells
(NJCTL) … secrete waxy substances that pathogenic … have a hard time adhering to. It also has a … of less than … which hurts …
sweat glands; microbes; pH; 6; pathogenic microbes
(NJCTL) The dermis provides … and … between … of the blood stream and the … environment. … and … fill this area.
distance; insulation; major vessels; external; Extracellular fluid; fats
(NJCTL) innate immunity
where contact with the environment is necessary for the animal, skin cannot be used to block foreign contaminants. In these cases, another barrier defense, …, are used to stop … from entering systems.
the mucus membrane; pathogenic microbes
(NJCTL) mucus cells secrete … that are rich in … and … It is a viscous fluid containing … that will breakdown … and … components
products; glycoproteins; water; antiseptic enzymes; bacterial; viral
(NJCTL) innate immunity
in mammals, the mucus serves to protect … cells, … (…) cells, … (…) cells, … cells, and … systems
respiratory; gastrointestinal; digestive; urogenital; vaginal; visual; auditory
(NJCTL) A major function of this mucus is to protect against … agents such as …, …, and … The cells in an average human body produces about a … of mucus per day
infectious; fungi; bacteria; viruses; quart
(NJCTL) innate immunity:
if a foreign invader makes it past the skin and mucous membrane, the body has specialized cells that can … and …
detect; respond
(NJCTL) inflammation:
inflammation is a response triggered by … that enters the skin. A metabolic pathway is initiated by the presence of … under the skin
bacteria; bacteria
(NJCTL) inflammation:
a splinter enters the skin. bacterial cells that were on the splinter enter the … fluid. … cells detect foreign … produced by the bacteria and a … pathway is triggered. The end result is that … is released from the … cell
interstitial; mast; proteins; transduction; histamine; mast
(NJCTL) Histamine acts as another signal molecule that causes the cells of the capillary to .. and …, … cells, and … spill into the area
separate; blood plasma; red blood; phagocytes
(NJCTL) inflammation:
because of the extra volume of … and … the area becomes … and … This is unfavorable conditions for the … and they cannot … or … to new areas
fluid; cells; hot; swells; bacteria; reproduce; spread
(NJCTL) … are cells that eat … cells. They remove the …, … cells stop producing … and the …. is relieved
phagocytes; foreign; bacteria; mast; histamine; inflammation
