Non-Mendelian Traits Flashcards
null hypothesis (n sub 0): .../... for genetics, null for law of dominance is that ..., but the phenotypic expression of genes is ...
starting point; zero; neither allele masks the other; random
we look to … the null hypothesis
reject
H1 is your own hypothesis
For genetics, H1 is …
if no dominance, maybe …, …, …, … (non-Mendelian)
law of dominance; codominance; incomplete dominance; epistatic control; pleiotropy
… vs. …. a hypothesis
fail to reject; reject
if you fail to reject H1, move onto …, which is … for genetics –> suggests that alleles … during …
H2; segregation; separate; gamete formation
rejection of H2 indicates that alleles do not …, which would be … (e.g. …), blocking …
separate; nondisjunction; trisomy; speciation
failing to reject H2, leads to … which is .. for genetics
fail to reject this one: … ratio —> … genes on homologous chromosomes
H3; independent assortment; 9:3:3:1; unlinked
(linked genes) male is …: whatever allele they have is what they have
hemizygous
(linked genes) for gene linkage there is an increase in the … meaning that more offspring …
parentals; look like parents
(linked genes) recombinant frequency aligns with … as well as …
location on chromosomes; order
(NJCTL) Over the years since Mendel’s discovery of genetics, modern science has discovered many traits that show exception to Mendel’s Law. We can term these …
For example, many traits are … which means they do not follow the law of … Examples of these traits are … and …
non-mendelian traits; linked; independent assortment; red hair; freckles
(NJCTL) The main new discovery that changed how we interpret Mendel’s results is …
Sexual reproducers pass their genes on small bundles of DNA called … Each of these contains many … The chromosomes DO independently assort, but the the gene for a few, several, or many traits may be … –> These … are inherited as a …
chromosomal inheritance; chromosomes; genes; on the same chromosome; linked genes; package
(NJCTL) … and … are on the same chromosome
red hair; freckles
(NJCTL) … occurs when the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical
complete dominance
(NJCTL) in incomplete dominance, the phenotype of hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the …
two parental varieties
(NJCTL) in codominance, two .. alleles affect the phenotype in …, … ways
an example of this is the … phenotypes in humans, which involves a single gene with three different allels that can produce four genotypes
dominant; separate, distinguishable; ABO blood group
(NJCTL) pleiotropy is a situation in which … may affect .. characteristics
a single gene; many phenotypic
(NJCTL) Mendel didn’t know that alleles are grouped together on chromosomes. In this case,t he recessive are on one of the chromosome pairs of the parent and the dominants on the other.
The sex chromosomes have genes for many characteristics … A gene located on either sex chromosome is called a …
unrelated to sex; sex-linked gene
(NJCTL) Sex-linked genes follow specific patterns of … Many sex-linked disorders are located on the … chromosome. Typically, these disorders are inherited through the …, as this person gives an … to … Sex-linked disorders show up in … more often than … because they only have …
inheritance; X; mother; X chromosome; any child she has; males; females; 1 copy of an X chromosome
(NJCTL) examples of sex-linked disorders:
…
…
…
…
these are all caused by .. alleles on the X chromosome
color blindness; muscular dystrophy; hemophilia; male pattern baldness; recessive
(NJCTL) … type is usually dominant
wild
(NJCTL) -/- represents two … traits and +/+ represents … traits
normal; two mutated
(NJCTL) crossing over can separate genes that are typically …
on the same chromosome
(NJCTL) recombination frequency is the average percentage of … that occur between ..
number of …./ number of … = recombination frequency
cross over events; linked genes; recombinations; offspring
