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SAT II: Biology E/M > Ch 12: Transport and Ventilation: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Ch 12: Transport and Ventilation: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Which blood cells function in the immune system?

A

White blood cells

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2
Q

Hemoglobin contains _____ and can bind to _______

A

iron, oxygen

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3
Q

What percentage of the blood is made of red blood cells?

A

45%

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4
Q

What do B-cells make?

A

antibodies

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5
Q

Insufficient iron in the diet leads to insufficient ______ and the disease _____.

A

hemoglobin, anemia

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6
Q

____ T-cells are T-cells that help B-cells and other T-cells reproduce

A

Helper

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7
Q

T-cells are _____ blood cells

A

white

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8
Q

Blood cells involved in blood clotting are called ________

A

platelets

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9
Q

Plasma is mainly composed of what?

A

water

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10
Q

Organisms with open circulatory systems have blood called ______ that is not carried in _______

A

hemolymph, vessels

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11
Q

What are examples of organisms with open circulatory systems?

A

arthropods (insects)

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12
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

A protein in red blood cells

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13
Q

What do killer T-cells do?

A

Kill infected cells

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14
Q

Where are all blood cells made?

A

bone marrow

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15
Q

The genotype for blood type O is

A

ii

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16
Q

Blood type AB is sometimes called the universal _______

A

recipient

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17
Q

Blood type A can receive blood from what blood types?

A

A and O

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18
Q

Blood type B can donate blood to what blood types?

A

AB, B

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19
Q

The probability of a man homozygous for blood type B and a woman homozygous for blood type A producing a child with blood type A is ____

A

0%

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20
Q

What are the genotypes for blood type A?

A

IAIA, IAi

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21
Q

Blood type AB can donate blood to what blood type?

A

AB

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22
Q

Alleles IA and IB are said to be what?

A

codominant

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23
Q

___ are blood vessels that return blood to the heart

A

Veins

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24
Q

____________ return excess tissue fluid to the blood vessels

A

Lymphatic vessels

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25
Q

Does the type of blood being carried matter when determining whether a blood vessel is an artery or a vein?

A

No

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26
Q

Blood pressure in the veins is ____

A

low

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27
Q

Blood pressure in the arteries is

A

hight

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28
Q

Blood flow in the capillaries is

A

slow

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29
Q

What filters potentially harmful things from the lymph before it is returned to the veins?

A

lymph nodes

30
Q

The diameter of an artery is _____ than the combined diameters of the capillaries

A

smaller

31
Q

Do lymphatic vessels have valves?

A

Yes

32
Q

Blood moves through the veins and lymph moves through the lymphatic vessels when nearby ________ contract and squeeze the vessels

A

skeletal muscles

33
Q

Capillaries are the site of what?

A

Exchange between blood and tissues

34
Q

Do veins have valves?

A

Yes

35
Q

Arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels, ultimately becoming what?

A

Capillaries

36
Q

Capillaries merge into larger and larger vessels, called what?

A

veins

37
Q

Arteries have ____ pressure, muscular walls, can regulate blood flow and ___ have valves

A

higher, do not

38
Q

Veins have ____ pressure, no muscle, are passive receivers, and ___ have valves

A

lower, do

39
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

a network of vessels that begins at the tissues and ends at the veins, just before the heart

40
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Recaptures extra fluid from the tissues, filters that fluid to remove anything harmful before it gets returned to the blood

41
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

concentrated areas of white blood cells that filter fluid and destroy anything harmful

42
Q

What is the fluid inside lymphatic vessels called?

A

lymph

43
Q

Blood leaves the heart from _____ and enters the heart at _____

A

ventricles, atria

44
Q

The aorta carries oxygen-____ blood _____ the heart, and the 2 vena cavae carry oxygen-_____ blood ______ the heart

A

oxygen-rich, away from

oxygen-poor, toward

45
Q

From the right atrium, blood passes immediately to where?

A

right ventricle

46
Q

The ______ are the site of exchange between blood and tissue

A

capillaries

47
Q

The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-_____ blood _____ the heart, and the pulmonary veins carry oxygen-_____ blood _____ the heart

A

oxygen-poor, away from

oxygen-rich, toward

48
Q

Blood that enters the right atrium after touring the entire body is _______

A

oxygen-poor

49
Q

The _______ valves separate the ventricles from the arteries

A

semilunar

50
Q

What valves separate the atria and ventricles?

A

atrioventricular valves

51
Q

Where does gas exchange in the lungs occur?

A

alveolus

52
Q

Moving air into and out of the lungs is called what?

A

ventilation

53
Q

What circuit sends blood to the lungs?

A

pulmonary

54
Q

The ______ zone of the lungs is where gas exchange takes place

A

respiratory

55
Q

The first heart sound is the closing of the ________ valves at the _____ of heart contraction

A

atrioventricular, beginning

56
Q

From the right ventricle oxygen-______ blood is passed to the _________ and then to the lungs

A

oxygen-poor, pulmonary arteries

57
Q

The larynx is part of the _______ zone

A

conduction

58
Q

Oxygen-rich blood enters the heart at the ________

A

left atrium

59
Q

Blood gases (oxygen and CO2) are:

A

hydrophobic

60
Q

The heartbeat begins in tissues in the right atrium called what?

A

the sinoatrial node

61
Q

All arthropods (insects) have a what?

A

open circulatory system

62
Q

What is the conduction zone?

A

The part of the respiratory system that is designed for ventilation only, not for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (starts at nose, throat, windpipe, etc)

63
Q

What is passive diffusion in the respiratory zone?

A

Oxygen concentration is higher in the alveoli than in the blood, so it moves from alveoli to blood
CO2 concentration is higher in the blood than alveoli, so it moves from blood to alveoli

64
Q

Where are the alveoli?

A

lungs

65
Q

Most of the carbon dioxide in the body is carried as what?

A

carbonic acid and bicarbonate

66
Q

If your blood is too acidic, your pH is _____ and you will breathe _____

A

lower, faster

67
Q

What is the system that can change pH more quickly than the renal system?

A

respiratory

68
Q

The primary muscle of respiration is what?

A

diaphragm

69
Q

Breath rate is adjusted by what?

A

medulla oblongata (in the brain)

70
Q

Normal blood pH is approximately what?

A

7.4

71
Q

When the chest cavity gets smaller, air in the lungs rushes in what direction?

A

outward

72
Q

When the diaphragm contracts, it does what?

A

flattens downward

SAT II: Biology E/M (15 decks)

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