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SAT II: Biology E/M > Ch 12: Transport and Ventilation: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Ch 12: Transport and Ventilation: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Which blood cells function in the immune system?

A

White blood cells

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2
Q

Hemoglobin contains _____ and can bind to _______

A

iron, oxygen

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3
Q

What percentage of the blood is made of red blood cells?

A

45%

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4
Q

What do B-cells make?

A

antibodies

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5
Q

Insufficient iron in the diet leads to insufficient ______ and the disease _____.

A

hemoglobin, anemia

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6
Q

____ T-cells are T-cells that help B-cells and other T-cells reproduce

A

Helper

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7
Q

T-cells are _____ blood cells

A

white

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8
Q

Blood cells involved in blood clotting are called ________

A

platelets

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9
Q

Plasma is mainly composed of what?

A

water

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10
Q

Organisms with open circulatory systems have blood called ______ that is not carried in _______

A

hemolymph, vessels

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11
Q

What are examples of organisms with open circulatory systems?

A

arthropods (insects)

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12
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

A protein in red blood cells

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13
Q

What do killer T-cells do?

A

Kill infected cells

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14
Q

Where are all blood cells made?

A

bone marrow

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15
Q

The genotype for blood type O is

A

ii

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16
Q

Blood type AB is sometimes called the universal _______

A

recipient

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17
Q

Blood type A can receive blood from what blood types?

A

A and O

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18
Q

Blood type B can donate blood to what blood types?

A

AB, B

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19
Q

The probability of a man homozygous for blood type B and a woman homozygous for blood type A producing a child with blood type A is ____

A

0%

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20
Q

What are the genotypes for blood type A?

A

IAIA, IAi

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21
Q

Blood type AB can donate blood to what blood type?

A

AB

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22
Q

Alleles IA and IB are said to be what?

A

codominant

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23
Q

___ are blood vessels that return blood to the heart

A

Veins

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24
Q

____________ return excess tissue fluid to the blood vessels

A

Lymphatic vessels

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25
Does the type of blood being carried matter when determining whether a blood vessel is an artery or a vein?
No
26
Blood pressure in the veins is ____
low
27
Blood pressure in the arteries is
hight
28
Blood flow in the capillaries is
slow
29
What filters potentially harmful things from the lymph before it is returned to the veins?
lymph nodes
30
The diameter of an artery is _____ than the combined diameters of the capillaries
smaller
31
Do lymphatic vessels have valves?
Yes
32
Blood moves through the veins and lymph moves through the lymphatic vessels when nearby ________ contract and squeeze the vessels
skeletal muscles
33
Capillaries are the site of what?
Exchange between blood and tissues
34
Do veins have valves?
Yes
35
Arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels, ultimately becoming what?
Capillaries
36
Capillaries merge into larger and larger vessels, called what?
veins
37
Arteries have ____ pressure, muscular walls, can regulate blood flow and ___ have valves
higher, do not
38
Veins have ____ pressure, no muscle, are passive receivers, and ___ have valves
lower, do
39
What is the lymphatic system?
a network of vessels that begins at the tissues and ends at the veins, just before the heart
40
What does the lymphatic system do?
Recaptures extra fluid from the tissues, filters that fluid to remove anything harmful before it gets returned to the blood
41
What are lymph nodes?
concentrated areas of white blood cells that filter fluid and destroy anything harmful
42
What is the fluid inside lymphatic vessels called?
lymph
43
Blood leaves the heart from _____ and enters the heart at _____
ventricles, atria
44
The aorta carries oxygen-____ blood _____ the heart, and the 2 vena cavae carry oxygen-_____ blood ______ the heart
oxygen-rich, away from | oxygen-poor, toward
45
From the right atrium, blood passes immediately to where?
right ventricle
46
The ______ are the site of exchange between blood and tissue
capillaries
47
The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-_____ blood _____ the heart, and the pulmonary veins carry oxygen-_____ blood _____ the heart
oxygen-poor, away from | oxygen-rich, toward
48
Blood that enters the right atrium after touring the entire body is _______
oxygen-poor
49
The _______ valves separate the ventricles from the arteries
semilunar
50
What valves separate the atria and ventricles?
atrioventricular valves
51
Where does gas exchange in the lungs occur?
alveolus
52
Moving air into and out of the lungs is called what?
ventilation
53
What circuit sends blood to the lungs?
pulmonary
54
The ______ zone of the lungs is where gas exchange takes place
respiratory
55
The first heart sound is the closing of the ________ valves at the _____ of heart contraction
atrioventricular, beginning
56
From the right ventricle oxygen-______ blood is passed to the _________ and then to the lungs
oxygen-poor, pulmonary arteries
57
The larynx is part of the _______ zone
conduction
58
Oxygen-rich blood enters the heart at the ________
left atrium
59
Blood gases (oxygen and CO2) are:
hydrophobic
60
The heartbeat begins in tissues in the right atrium called what?
the sinoatrial node
61
All arthropods (insects) have a what?
open circulatory system
62
What is the conduction zone?
The part of the respiratory system that is designed for ventilation only, not for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (starts at nose, throat, windpipe, etc)
63
What is passive diffusion in the respiratory zone?
Oxygen concentration is higher in the alveoli than in the blood, so it moves from alveoli to blood CO2 concentration is higher in the blood than alveoli, so it moves from blood to alveoli
64
Where are the alveoli?
lungs
65
Most of the carbon dioxide in the body is carried as what?
carbonic acid and bicarbonate
66
If your blood is too acidic, your pH is _____ and you will breathe _____
lower, faster
67
What is the system that can change pH more quickly than the renal system?
respiratory
68
The primary muscle of respiration is what?
diaphragm
69
Breath rate is adjusted by what?
medulla oblongata (in the brain)
70
Normal blood pH is approximately what?
7.4
71
When the chest cavity gets smaller, air in the lungs rushes in what direction?
outward
72
When the diaphragm contracts, it does what?
flattens downward

SAT II: Biology E/M (15 decks)

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