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SAT II: Biology E/M > Ch 5: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Ch 5: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

A series of chemical reactions that produce energy for the cell

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2
Q

What does cellular energy come in the form of?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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3
Q

When energy is required for a process in the cell, what will the cell do?

A

Hydrolyze (break) the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate molecules on ATP. A molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a molecule of phosphate remain.

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4
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + ATP

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O +6 ATP

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5
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

What are the substrates for glycolysis?

A

Glucose, 2 ATP

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7
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate, ATP, NADH

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8
Q

Is oxygen needed for glycolysis?

A

No

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9
Q

Where does PDC occur?

A

mitochondria

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10
Q

What are the substrates for PDC?

A

Pyruvate

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11
Q

What are the products of PDC?

A

Acetyl Co-A, NADH, CO2

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12
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

A

mitochondria

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13
Q

What are the substrates of Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl- CoA, oxaloacetic acid

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14
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

A

Oxaloacetic acid, NADH, ATP, FADH2, and CO2

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15
Q

Where does electron transport/ oxidative phosphorylation ocurr?

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

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16
Q

What are the substrates of electron transport?

A

NADH, FADH2, ADP, P

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17
Q

What are the products of electron transport?

A

NAD+, FAD, ATP

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18
Q

Most of the energy released from the breakdown of glucose is ______

A

stored as electrons on electron carriers

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19
Q

When an “empty” electron carrier accepts a pair of electrons, it is _____. When it gives these electrons up it becomes _____

A

Reduced, oxidized

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20
Q

What are the 2 most common electron carriers (and the ones used during cellular respiration)?

A

NAD+ and FAD

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21
Q

NAD+ can accept _______ to become NADH

A

a pair of electrons and a hydrogen ion

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22
Q

FAD can accept _______ to become FADH2

A

a pair of electrons and 2 hydrogen ions

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23
Q

What happens during glycolysis (sugar splitting)?

A

1 molecule of glucose is split in half to produce 2 molecules of pyruvate

24
Q

What is needed to start the process of splitting the glucose molecule in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP molecules and 2 NAD+ molecules

25
Q

What is the equation for glycolysis?

A

C6H12O6 + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ —> 2 Pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH

26
Q

Glycolysis occurs without oxygen which means it is _____.

A

Anaerobic

27
Q

What is the PDC (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)?

A

A group of enzymes that prepares pyruvate to enter the 3rd step of cellular respiration (the Krebs cycle)

28
Q

Pyruvate contains ___ carbon atoms and the Krebs cycle can only accept a molecule with ___ carbon atoms. So PDC’s job is ______.

A

to remove one of the carbons from pyruvate and attach the remaining 2-carbon structure to a coenzyme called Acetyl Co-A

29
Q

The carbon that is removed in PDC leaves in the form of ____.

A

CO2

30
Q

Because there are 2 molecules of pyruvate at the end of glycolysis, what is produced in PDC?

A

2 molecules of acetyl Co-A, 2 molecules of NADH, and 2 molecules of CO2.

31
Q

The process of glycolysis produces ATP and NADH by converting one molecule of ______ to 2 molecules of ______.

A

glucose, pyruvate

32
Q

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is found in the _____ of the mitochondria.

A

Matrix

33
Q

______ is made of many glucose molecules bonded together, and its function is to store energy.

A

Glycogen

34
Q

During the PDC, a molecule of pyruvate is converted to _____, a molecule of _______ is produced, and _____ is lost.

A

Acetyl Co-A, NADH, CO2

35
Q

What is a process that indirectly requires oxygen?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

36
Q

What is a process of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm?

A

Glycolysis

37
Q

What is a process of cellular respiration that takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

Electron transport chain

38
Q

What is regenerated each time the Krebs cycle is completed?

A

The first molecule (oxaloacetic acid)

39
Q

What happens during the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl Co-A is combined with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid. Citric acid is broken down and rearranged to form the original oxaloacetic acid molecule. 3 molecules of NADH, 1 of FADH2 and 1 ATP are made. CO2 is released.

40
Q

The principal substance that enters the Krebs cycle is ______.

A

Acetyl Co-A

41
Q

Oxygen is also known as the ______

A

final electron acceptor

42
Q

One of the goals of electron transport is to _____ the electron carriers back to “empty.”

A

oxidize

43
Q

Electron transport occurs along the _______ of the mitochondria.

A

inner membrane

44
Q

The products of the Krebs cycle are 3 molecules of _______, 1 molecule of _____, and 1 molecule of _____.

A

NADH, FADH2, ATP

45
Q

ATP synthase relies on the facilitated diffusion of ___ ions down their gradient to produce ATP.

A

H+

46
Q

In the last step of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons to form ______.

A

Water

47
Q

What are the primary goals of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation?

A

to oxidize electron carriers

use the energy from those electrons to make ATP

48
Q

What does ATP synthase do?

A

It allows the H+ ions back into the matrix

49
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced for each molecule of glucose that’s broken down?

A

about 36

50
Q

Fermentation produces _____ in yeast and _____ in muscle cells.

A

Ethanol, lactic acid

51
Q

Do anaerobic organisms conduct glycolysis?

A

Yes

52
Q

Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) produces ____ ATP than aerobic respiration.

A

Less

53
Q

In fermentation, NADH is _____ to NAD+, and pyruvate is _____.

A

Oxidized, reduced

54
Q

Do anaerobic organisms conduct the Krebs cycle?

A

No

55
Q

How many ATP are created from fermentation?

A

The 2 net ATP from glycolysis.

56
Q

What is created at the end of glycolysis?

A

2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 ATP. and 2 NADH

SAT II: Biology E/M (15 decks)

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