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SAT II: Biology E/M > Ch 7: Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Ch 7: Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

After interphase, a human cell has a total of __ chromosomes, each made up of two ______.

A

46, chromatids

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2
Q

During the stage called interphase, how many of the cell’s chromosomes replicate?

A

All

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3
Q

Each chromosome has a _______ at its center that joins the chromatids together

A

centromere

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4
Q

Is DNA replication the only process that takes place during interphase?

A

No, it is one of the many processes

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5
Q

Before a cell undergoes mitosis, what phase does it go through?

A

Interphase, in which chromosomes replicate

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6
Q

What are the 4 steps of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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7
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Centrioles separate and begin forming a spindle fiber apparatus called the mitotic spindle

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8
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Centrioles go to opposite poles, chromosomes line up at the equator, and spindle fibers attach to centromeres

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9
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

spindle fibers shorten and pull chromatids to opposite poles

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10
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

A nuclear membrane forms in each new cell, chromosomes uncoil and condense

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11
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm divides

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12
Q

Where does mitosis occur in plant cells?

A

Meristems- certain growing regions

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13
Q

During which phase do the cell’s chromosomes become visible?

A

Prophase

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14
Q

The spindle apparatus forms during a stage called _________

A

Prophase

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15
Q

The division of the cell’s cytoplasm is known as ________ and occurs during _________.

A

Cytokinesis, telophase

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16
Q

Chromatids separate from each other and move to opposite poles of the cell during what stage?

A

Anaphase

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17
Q

During what stage do all of a cell’s chromosomes replicate?

A

Interphase

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18
Q

The centromeres divide during what stage?

A

Anaphase

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19
Q

During prophase, the ________ move away from one another toward opposite sides of the cell.

A

Centrioles

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20
Q

What is a gene?

A

A portion of a chromosome that produces one protein

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21
Q

What is gene expression?

A

When a gene creates a protein

22
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A sex cell

23
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell that has 2 complete sets of chromosomes

24
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell that has only 1 set of chromosomes

25
Q

What are the only human cells that are haploid?

A

Sperm and ovum

26
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The cell that is formed when chromosomes from the sperm join with the chromosomes in the ovum

27
Q

The zygote is ______, so it must undergo ______

A

diploid, meiosis

28
Q

What is synapsis?

A

When homologous chromosomes pair up in meiosis

29
Q

When does synapsis occur?

A

Prophase I

30
Q

In prophase I, instead of 46 replicated chromosomes, there are ______.

A

23 pairs of replicated chromosomes

31
Q

When does crossing over take place and what is it?

A

prophase I, segments on homologous chromosomes are exchanged

32
Q

What happens in metaphase in both meiosis and mitosis?

A

Chromosomes line up on the equator of the cells

33
Q

What is independent assortment of chromosomes?

A

The random way that chromosomes line up during metaphase, which affects the outcome of the genetic information in the gametes that form.

34
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Genes that are on the same chromosome and are inherited together

35
Q

What separates in mitosis and meiosis? What happens in both?

A

Mitosis- chromatids of each chromosome separate
Meiosis- homologous pairs separate
Move to opposite poles of the cell

36
Q

What happens in telophase I?

A

The cells finish dividing their cytoplasm, and nuclear membranes reform. The 2 new cells have 23 REPLICATED CHROMOSOMES not 23 homologous pairs

37
Q

Meiosis II is virtually identical to _______.

A

Mitosis, except in mitosis the cell starts with 46 replicated chromosomes and in meiosis, it has only 23 replicated chromosomes.

38
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and the second round of meiosis?

A

In interphase II, the chromosomes do not replicate

39
Q

If the diploid number of chromosomes is 10, then the haploid number is _

A

5

40
Q

Metaphase I of meiosis differs from metaphase of mitosis in that a _____ of chromosomes lines up on each spindle fiber.

A

pair

41
Q

The four cells resulting from meiosis are _____.

A

Haploid

42
Q

What refers to a cell for which each chromosome does not have a homologous partner?

A

Haploid

43
Q

Anaphase I of meiosis differs from anaphase of mitosis in that centromeres _____ divide

A

do not

44
Q

Prophase I of meiosis _____ similar to prophase of mitosis

A

Is not

45
Q

The cells produced at the end of telophase I are considered to be ______

A

haploid

46
Q

How many mature sperm are produced from a single spermatogonium?

A

4

47
Q

How many mature ova are produced from a single primary oocyte?

A

1

48
Q

Spermatogenesis takes place on a _____ basis, whereas oogenesis takes place on a ______ basis.

A

daily, monthly

49
Q

The cells that disintegrate during oogenesis are called ________.

A

polar bodies

50
Q

A cell that undergoes meiosis will yield how many cells?

A

4

51
Q

What is the diploid cell that starts spermatogenesis called and where does it live?

A

spermatogonium, seminiferous tubules

52
Q

What are the 3 causes of variation among offspring?

A
  1. Independent assortment of chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis
  2. Crossing over during synapsis in Prophase I of meiosis
  3. Random fertilization

SAT II: Biology E/M (15 decks)

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