Ch 10: Microorganisms

Question 1

Most fungi are multicellular ______.

Answer 1

Eukaryotes

Question 2

What are fungal cell walls made of?

Answer 2

Chitin

Question 3

Can fungi photosynthesize?

Answer 3

No because they lack chloroplasts

Question 4

Fungi are absorptive feeders, which means:

Answer 4

they secrete hydrolytic enzymes that digest their food outside their bodies

Question 5

What are the methods fungi reproduce?

Answer 5

Asexual spores
Sexual spores
Vegetative growth
Budding

Question 6

What are asexual spores?

Answer 6

Spores that can drop off the fungus and grow a new organism

Question 7

What are sexual spores?

Answer 7

Spores that combine to form a new organism

Question 8

What is vegetative growth?

Answer 8

A portion of the fungus breaks off and forms a new fungus

Question 9

What is budding?

Answer 9

A new fungus grows off the side of the old fungus (yeast)

Question 10

How can bacteria achieve genetic recombination?

Answer 10

Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

Question 11

What is transformation?

Answer 11

Bacteria pick up new DNA

Question 12

What is conjugation?

Answer 12

A bacterium replicates its DNA and donates some of it to another bacterium through a bridge called a pilus

Question 13

What is transduction?

Answer 13

A virus carries DNA from one bacterium to another during infection

Question 14

What are obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes?

Answer 14

Bacteria that need oxygen
Bacteria that need no oxygen
Bacteria that can use oxygen but don’t have to

Question 15

What is an auxotroph?

Answer 15

An organism that requires supplementary nutrition

Question 16

If a substance that cannot be synthesized is added to the growth medium can the auxotroph grow?

Answer 16

No =(

Question 17

If bacteria are auxotrophic for an amino acid, what is it denoted with?

Answer 17

a minus sign

Question 18

If a bacterium can grow in the absence of a particular amino acid, is it auxotrophic for that amino acid?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria form a symbiotic relationship with the roots of what plants?

Answer 19

Legumes

Question 20

A virus has a coat made of protein called a _____ with nucleic acid/ the genome inside of it

Answer 20

capsid

Question 21

Viruses can reproduce only with ________

Answer 21

the help of another cell

Question 22

How does the viral life cycle begin?

Answer 22

Attachment- virus attaches itself to the host cell

Infection- virus injects its genome into the host cell

Question 23

What happens in the lytic cycle?

Answer 23

The viral genome is transcribed and translated to make viral proteins, they are replicated and made into new capsids. The host is then lysed (broken open) and new viruses escape

Question 24

What happens in the lysogenic cycle?

Answer 24

The viral genome is integrated into the host’s genome and remains dormant until the host cell experiences stress and it begins the lytic cycle.

Question 25

Animal cells do not have a cell wall, so viruses that infect them do not ______

Answer 25

have to lyse them to escape

Question 26

A virus with an RNA genome needs what to replicate?

Answer 26

an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Question 27

Fungi are classified as ______

Answer 27

Eukaryotes

Question 28

Do bacteria have mitochondria, ribosomes, and cell walls?

Answer 28

No, yes, yes

Question 29

Yeast are _______ that reproduce by _______

Answer 29

Eukaryotes, budding

Question 30

A viral _____ is made of protein

Answer 30

capsid

Question 31

_______ occurs when a virus transfers some DNA from one bacterium to another

Answer 31

Transduction

Question 32

Can fungi photosynthesize?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

Bacteria that can chill in the presence or absence of oxygen are called ________

Answer 33

faculative anaerobes

Question 34

Are all fungi eukaryotes?

Answer 34

Yes

Question 35

When a bacterium replicates its DNA and gives some of the DNA to another bacterium through a pilus, this is called

Answer 35

Conjugation

Question 36

Fungi have a cell wall made of _____

Answer 36

chitin

Question 37

Bacteria are classified as ________ and therefore ____ have nuclei

Answer 37

Prokaryotes, do not

Question 38

An enzyme that makes a strand of RNA by reading a strand of DNA is called

Answer 38

RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase

Question 39

Retroviruses go through the _____ life cycle

Answer 39

lysogenic

Question 40

A ________ cut of DNA by a restriction enzyme produces sticky ends

Answer 40

staggered

Question 41

A piece of DNA cut with a restriction enzyme that produces sticky ends can be litigated to any piece of DNA cut with what?

Answer 41

The same restriction enzyme

Question 42

The enzyme that seals together cut pieces of DNA is called ______.

Answer 42

DNA ligase

Question 43

A sequence of DNA that reads the same from both directions is called a ________.

Answer 43

Palindrome

Question 44

Can a piece of DNA cut with a restriction enzyme that produces blunt ends be litigated into a plasmid cut with any other restriction enzyme?

Answer 44

No

Question 45

What is a restriction enzyme?

Answer 45

An enzyme that recognizes a particular short DNA sequence and then cuts the DNA strand within that sequence

Question 46

What do bacteria use restriction enzymes for?

Answer 46

To cut foreign DNA

Question 47

If a piece of DNA is cut with a restriction enzyme that produces sticky ends, what can it be reattached to?

Answer 47

Any other piece of DNA cut with the same restriction enzyme because they have to overlap in a complementary fashion.

Question 48

In a blunt cut, how is the DNA cut?

Answer 48

straight across both ends

Question 49

What is a plasmid?

Answer 49

A small circular piece of DNA frequently found in bacteria. It contains restriction sites.

Question 50

How is recombinant DNA technology used?

Answer 50

To study DNA sequences of species that do not reproduce rapidly

Question 51

What do restriction enzymes give us the ability to do?

Answer 51

Recombine DNA into custom combinations

Question 52

What do vectors do and what are some examples of them?

Answer 52

Shuttles used to move DNA between species | plasmid, virus