Ch 13: Processing, Support, and Reproduction: The Digestive, Urinary, Skeletal, Muscular, and Developmental Systems Flashcards
1
Q
What is the order of the organs in the alimentary canal?
A
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
2
Q
Does the stomach secrete a digestive enzyme?
A
yes
3
Q
What enzyme do the salivary glands secrete and what does it help with the digestion of?
A
amylase, carbohyddrates
4
Q
The colon is the _____ intestine
A
large
5
Q
What is the vitamin needed for blood clotting and what is it made by?
A
K, large
6
Q
What does the liver produce?
A
bile
7
Q
The products of digestion are absorbed through the walls of the _________
A
small intestine
8
Q
The stomach is ____ which means that its pH is ___
A
acidic, low
9
Q
What does the pancreas produce?
A
bicarbonate
10
Q
What is the function of the large intestine?
A
reabsorb water
11
Q
What is Vitamin C necessary to make?
A
collagen
12
Q
Pepsin is an _____ secreted by the ______ that helps in the digestion of ______
A
enzyme, stomach, proteins
13
Q
Does bile digest fats?
A
No, it emulsifies them
14
Q
What produces blood proteins and regulates glycogen metabolism?
A
liver
15
Q
What is Vitamin A needed to make?
A
retinal
16
Q
What is Vitamin B needed for?
A
cellular respiration and DNA replication
17
Q
What is Vitamin D needed for?
A
calcium absorption
18
Q
What is Vitamin E needed for?
A
to protect cell membranes from damage
19
Q
What is Vitamin K needed for?
A
blood clotting
20
Q
What is iron needed in?
A
hemoglobin
21
Q
What is calcium needed for?
A
strong bones and teeth, muscle contraction
22
Q
What is iodine needed to make?
A
thyroxine, a thyroid hormone
23
Q
Is the pancreas part of the alimentary canal?
A
No, it is an accessory organ
24
Q
What is peristalsis?
A
Wavelike contractions that push food down to the stomach from the esophagus
25
What is the exocrine system?
Pancreas tucked into a loop of small intestine
26
What does the mouth form food into?
a bolus
27
What is bile produced by and where is it stored?
made by liver, stored in gallbladder
28
Where do the enzymes in the small intestine come from?
pancreas (amylase, lipases, proteases, bicarbonate)
29
Why is the pH in the intestines close to neutral?
The pancreas secretes bicarbonate to neutralize the acid from the stomach
30
What are the 3 processes used by the nephron to make urine?
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
31
What sets up a concentration gradient in the medulla?
loop of Henle
32
What means taking a substance from the urine and returning it to the blood?
reabsorption
33
Glucose is always _____
reabsorbed
34
The kidney helps to regulate blood pressure by releasing what?
renin
35
What carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?
urethra
36
Where does filtration occur?
glomerulus
37
ADH increases the amount of what reabsorbed from filtrate?
water
38
Where does most reabsorption and secretion occur?
proximal convoluted tubule
39
ADH levels are _____ when the body is dehydrated, and this causes the urine to be _______
high, concentrated
40
What are the 3 main waste products found in urine?
urea, uric acid, and creatinine
41
What organ filters waste products from the blood?
kidneys
42
What is a nephron?
the functional unit of the kidney
43
What happens at the loop of Henle
water is reabsorbed and salt is transported out of the filtrate and into the tissues of the kidney, establishing a concentration gradient
44
What happens in the distal convoluted tubule?
Specialized and regulated reabsorption and secretion
45
What does aldosterone do and where?
increases the amount of sodium reabsorbed into the blood, causing water to also be absorbed, in the distal tubule
46
What is the final portion of the nephron and what does it do?
collecting duct, receives filtrate from several nephrons
47
What does ADH do and what is its effect?
collecting duct, causes the walls of it to become permeable to water
48
What is the first portion of the nephron after Bowman's capsule and what happens here?
proximal convoluted tubule
| where most reabsorption and secretion takes place
49
What does the loop of Henle do?
reabsorbs water, transports salt out of filtrate and into kidney, establishing a concentration gradient in the kidney
50
The inner portions of the kidney (medulla) are _____ than the outer (cortex)
saltier/ more concentrated
51
What does the collecting duct to?
regulated water reabsorption
where hormone ADH has effect- causes walls of collecting duct to become permeable to water
If the walls are permeable, water can move out via osmosis into blood
52
What do the kidneys do?
regulate blood pressure by releasing renin when blood pressure is low
53
What is renin?
an enzyme that produces angiotensin II which constricts blood vessels and allows for the secretion of aldosterone which increases blood pressure
54
What do worms use to eliminate nitrogen wastes?
metanephridia
55
What do insects use to eliminate nitrogen wastes?
malpighian tubules
56
Smooth muscle is found where?
hollow organs
57
What is the deepest layer of the skin?
hypodermis
58
Spiders have what type of skeletons?
exoskeletons
59
What are the 2 proteins found in muscle cell sarcomeres?
actin and myosin
60
When the body gets too warm, dermal blood vessels _____ and shivering _____
dilate, stops
61
Muscles are attached to bones by what?
tendons
62
In a sacromere, ____ attaches to Z-lines
actin
63
The neurotransmitter used to stimulate muscle contraction is _______
acetylcholine
64
____ muscle is voluntary
Skeletal
65
Bones are attached to other bones by ______
ligaments
66
Cardiac muscle is found in ______
the heart only
67
Progesterone is secreted during the ____ phase of the ovarian cycle
luteal
68
Sperm are produced where?
seminiferous tubules
69
The ovary is controlled by _______ from the anterior pituitary, and it secretes _______ that affect the uterus.
FSH and LH, estrogen and progesterone
70
_____ prolongs the life of the corpus luteum if fertilization and and implantation occur
hGC
71
The ______ is a large duct that conducts sperm from the testes to the urethra.
vas deferens
72
A surge in ___ causes ovulation
LH
73
The remnants of a follicle after ovulation become the _________
corpus luteum
74
______ causes the uterine lining to grow during the proliferative phase
Estrogen
75
______ is a nourishing fluid that carries sperm. It is secreted by glands in the male reproductive system.
semen
76
Estrogen causes growth of the uterine lining during the _____ phase of the uterine cycle.
Proliferative
77
What is the lining of the uterus called?
endometrium
78
What are the 3 stages of the uterine cycle?
menstruation, proliferative phase, seceratory phase
79
What is menstruation?
shedding of endometrium
80
What is the proliferative phase?
new uterine lining is built
81
What is the secretory phase?
new uterine lining is maintained and enhanced
82
What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?
follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase
83
What happens during the follicular phas?
FSH causes development of a follicle in ovary
84
What is ovulation?
release of oocyte, surge of LH
85
What is the luteal phase?
corpus luteum (made from left behind follicles) secretes progesterone, and degenerates
86
What are the stages of human development in order?
gametes, fertilization, zygote, cleavage, morula, blastocyst, implantation in the uterus, gastrulation, nerulation, fetus, birth
87
Where does fertilization take place?
Fallopian tube
88
What is the developmental stage marked by a series of rapid mitotic divisions?
cleavage
89
The human eye develops from what?
ectoderm
90
Bllod vessels develop from what?
mesoderm
91
The first 8 weeks of development are called what?
the embryonic stage
92
The membrane that most directly surrounds the embryo is the what?
amnion
93
Organogenisis occurs during what?
neurulation
94
Implantation occurs ____ cleavage
after
95
A blastocyst forms ____ a morula
after
96
Neurulation occurs ____ the fetal stage
before
97
The _______ is the region at the top of the sperm that contains digestive enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the ovum
acrosome
98
The nervous system develops from ______
ectoderm
99
The kidneys develop from _____
mesoderm
100
What are the stages of the embryonic stage?
gastrulation and neurulation
101
What are the germ layerds the inner cell mass divides into during gastrulation?
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
102
What does the endoderm become?
inner linings of body systems, glandular organs (liver, pancreas, salivary glands)
103
What does the mesoderm become?
middle structures (blood vessels, bones, heart) and nonglandular organs (kidneys, uterus, gonads)
104
What does the ectoderm become?
external structures (skin, hair, nails)
105
What forms in neurulation?
organs of the nervous system and every other organ
106
What are the 4 extraembryonic membranes?
yolk sac, amnion, allantois, and chorion
107
What does the yolk sac do?
food for developing embryo
108
What is the amnion and what does it do?
clear membrane that surrounds embryo, filled with fluid that absorbs shock
109
What does the allantois become?
umbillical chord in humans, disposal site for solid wastes in birds and reptiles
110
What is the chorion?
outermost membrane, encloses all other membranes
