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SAT II: Biology E/M > Ch 9: Evolution and Diversity > Flashcards

Ch 9: Evolution and Diversity Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Today’s atmosphere contains mostly ______ and ______, and the primary organisms are _____.

A

nitrogen, oxygen, aerobic

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2
Q

Earth’s early atmosphere did not contain _____ and the primary organisms were _____

A

oxygen, anaerobic

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3
Q

What did Earth’s early atmosphere contain?

A

hydrogen, ammonia, methane, and water

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4
Q

The first cells on Earth were _____

A

heterotrophs

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5
Q

The phrase __________ refers to the fact that within any population of any species, genotypes vary

A

Genetic variation/ variability

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6
Q

Genetic variability is attributable to __________

A

Random mutation

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7
Q

If a mutation were to occur in a somatic cell instead of a gamete, could that mutation cause genetic variability in the population?

A

No

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8
Q

How does genetic variability happen?

A

Random mutation of DNA

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9
Q

What are other sources of variations?

A

Independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over during meiosis, and random fertilization

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10
Q

Is sexual reproduction necessary for evolution?

A

No

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11
Q

Evolution means a change in a population’s _______

A

gene pool

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12
Q

Can convergent evolution result in speciation?

A

No

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13
Q

What is the organizational scheme of species?

A

Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species

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14
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Science of classification and naming

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15
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

Classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships

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16
Q

What did Carolus Linnaeus do?

A

came up with the modern system of classification (binomial system)

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17
Q

What is the first part of names in the binomial system? The second?

A

Genus, species

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18
Q

What are the 3 domains and what is the order they evolved in?

A

Domain bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain eukarya

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19
Q

What is the kingdom in Domain Bacteria? What does it include

A

Eubacteria- includes Cyanobacteria

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20
Q

What are some characteristics of Cyanobacteria?

A

contain chlorophyll, can photosynthesize

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21
Q

What is Domain Archaea made up of, and what kingdom are they in?

A

Prokaryotes, kingdom Archaebacteria

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22
Q

What are some characteristics of Domain Archaea organisms?

A

Living in extremely harsh environments that most other organisms could not tolerate (extreme halophiles, thermophiles, and methanogens)

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23
Q

What is Domain Eukarya made up of?

A

Eukaryotes

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24
Q

What are the 4 kingdoms in Domain Eukarya?

A

Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

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25
What are the 3 phyla of Kingdom Protista?
Protozoa, algae, and fungus-like protists
26
Brown algae belong to which kingdom?
Protista
27
Soft-bodied animals with hard external shells are classified as:
mollusks
28
In chordates, fish appeared _____ birds and birds appeared ____ mammals
before, before
29
Animals with jointed appendages, hard exoskeletons, and segmented bodies are classified as:
arthropods
30
Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?
No
31
Mushrooms and yeast are:
hetereotrophic
32
Amoebas and slime molds belong to which kingdom?
Protista
33
Having flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 is a characteristic of ____
dicots
34
Do protists have a nucleus?
Yes
35
Mosses and liverworts are examples of _____ plants
Nonvascular
36
Can cyanobacteria photosynthesize?
Yes
37
Earthworms and other segmented worms belong to phylum ____.
annelida
38
Plants with parallel veins in their leaves and flower parts in multiples of 3 are classified as _____.
Monocots
39
Conifers, such as pine trees, are classified as ______
gymnosperms
40
Flowering plants can be divided into what classes?
Monocots and dicots
41
How can monocots be characterized?
single-seed leaves, parallel veins, flowers parts in multiples of 3s
42
How can dicots be characterized?
2 seed leaves, net-like veins, flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
43
How can amoebas be characterized?
- kingdom Protista | - unicellular, move using cellular extensions called pseudopodia
44
How can Sporozoans be characterized?
- kingdom Protista - most members have life cycles with both asexual stages that often require 2 or more different host species for completion
45
How can Ciliates be characterized?
- kingdom Protista | - use cilia for movement and feeding
46
How can slime molds be characterized?
- kingdom Protista | - contain many nuclei
47
How can euglena be characterized?
- kingdom Protista - unicellular, photosyntheic algae - move with flagellum (whip-like tail)
48
How can diatoms be characterized?
- kingdom Protista - unique glass-like walls - live in both freshwater and marine environments
49
How can brown algae be characterized?
- kingdom Protista - seaweeds - multicellular
50
What characterized Kingdom Protista?
``` organelles and true nucleus contains protozoa (animal-like protists), algae (plant-like protists) and fungus-like protists everything that's not an animal, plant, or fungus basically ```
51
What characterized Kingdom Plantae?
multicellular, eukaryotic, and photosynthetic
52
What characterizes nonvascular plants?
- kingdom plantae - lacks vascular tissue xylem and phloem - live in damp areas where water is abundant - require water for fertilization - do not have true stems, leaves, or roots
53
What characterizes ferms?
- kingdom plantae | - no seeds- SPORES, which can be scattered by wind
54
What characterizes conifers?
- kingdom plantae - seeds are not protected in a seed coat- gymnosperms - gymnosperms do not produce flowers
55
What characterizes flowering plants?
- kingdom plantae - produce flowers and pollen - seeds= protected by fruits and nuts - divided into Class Monocots and Class Dicot
56
What characterizes Class Monocot?
- in phylum of flowering plants - single-seed leaves- cotyledons - parallel vieins in leaves - flower parts in multiples of 3s - fibrous root system
57
What characterizes Class Dicot?
- phylum flowering plants - 2 seed leaves/ cotyledons - netlike veins in leaves - flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 - vascular tissue arranged in ring - taproot system
58
What characterizes kingdom fungi?
- all eukaryotic, cell wall made of chitin - exception = yeast-unicellular - no chloroplasts- heterotrophic - no digestive system, absorptive feeders
59
What characterizes Division Zygomycota?
- kingdom fungi - reproduce sexually - common molds
60
What characterizes Division Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)?
- kingdom fungi | - mushrooms, shelf fungi
61
What characterizes Kingdom Animalia?
eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic
62
What characterizes sponges?
- Kingdom animalia - sessile (nonmoving) - perforated body wall made of 2 layers of cells
63
What characterizes colenterates?
- Kingdom animalia - body walls made of 2 layers of cells and a central, sac-like digestive system - radial symmetry - hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones
64
What are vascular plants subdivided into?
seedless plants and seed plants
65
What are seed plants further divided into?
``` nonflowering plants (gymnosperms) flowering plants (angiosperms) ```
66
What characterizes flatworms?
- Kingdom animalia - bilateral symmetry, a head - planaria, flukes, and tapeworms
67
What characterizes mollusks?
- Kingdom animalia - soft- bodied with hard external shells - exceptions= octopi and squid- reduced, internal shells - 3 major body regions: foot for movement - visceral mass- where organs are contained - mantle: may secrete a shell
68
What characterizes segmented worms?
- Kingdom animalia - closed circulation, mouth and anus - excrete waste through mentanephridia - earhworm and leeches
69
What characterizes arthropods?
- Kingdom animalia - jointed appendages, hard exoskeleton containing chitin, segmented body with head, thorax and abdomen - eliminate wastes through Malpighian tubules - open circulatory system - crustaceams, insects, arachnids - largest and most diverse phylum
70
What characterises echinoderms?
- Kingdom animalia - radial symmetry, spiny exoskeletons - water vascular system ending in tube feet that function in feeding, gas exchange, and movement - sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars
71
What characterizes Chordates?
- Kingdom animalia - solid notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a tail - fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
72
What are the classes in phylum chordata?
``` Cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals F: Fish A: Amphibians R: Reptiles B: Birds M: Mammals ```
73
What characterizes Cartilaginous Fishes?
- Phylum Chordata - flexible exo skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone - some lay eggs, some bear live young - sharks and sting rays
74
What characterizes Bony Fishes?
- Phylum Chordata - Bone skeletons - lay large number of eggs without shells - bass, tuna, trout
75
What characterizes Amphibians?
- Phylum Chordata - eggs lack shells, must be laid in water - aquatic larval stage, undergo metamorphosis into a terrestrial adult - breathe through lungs and/ or skin - frogs, salamanders
76
What characterizes Reptiles?
- Phylum Chordata - thick, scaly skin - eggs have shells to resist dehydration, or they bear live young - breathe through lungs - crocodiles, lizards, snakes
77
What characterizes birds?
- Phylum Chordata - tetrapods with forelimbs modified as wings - breathe through lungs, lay shelled eggs - endothermic - owls, eagles, sparrows, penguins
78
What characterizes mammals?
- Phylum Chordata - endoghermic, have hair, nourish young from mammary glands - most bear live young, breathe through lungs - rodents, kangaroos, antelope, humans

SAT II: Biology E/M (15 decks)

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