Ch 15: Absolutism and Constitutionalism Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
The economy _______ after economic growth in the sixteenth century
A
Fell
2
Q
What were reasons for the poor economy across Europe?
A
- climate change
- religious divide
- war
3
Q
What were the results of the poor economy?
A
Hunger and population loss
4
Q
Who was on the top level of the social hierarchy?
A
Monarch
5
Q
The monarch was often viewed as a _________ being chosen by God to rule
A
Divine
6
Q
Who was on the second level of the social hierarchy (in catholic countries)?
A
Clergy
7
Q
Who was on the third level of the social hierarchy?
A
Nobles
8
Q
The status of nobility was ___________
A
Inherited
9
Q
Why could merchants not hold positions as nobles?
A
There was a Christian prejudice against merchants
10
Q
How did merchants still acquire positions in the nobility?
A
By buying their positions
11
Q
The vast majority of the population was in the last level of the social hierarchy: __________
A
Peasants and artisans
12
Q
Society was __________
A
Patriarchal
13
Q
Where did most people in the seventeenth century live?
A
The country
14
Q
Farmers who owned enough land to feed themselves; they were the leaders of peasant villages
A
Independent farmers
15
Q
What was the main element of a seventeenth century diet?
A
Bread
16
Q
The period that experienced a colder and wetter climate in Europe was called ____________
A
The little ice age
17
Q
What social group was hit the hardest by the food shortages and poverty?
A
Peasants
18
Q
The truce created by the ____________ deteriorated as the religion of areas shifted
A
Peace of Augsburg
19
Q
Lutheran princes formed what Union?
A
Protestant Union
20
Q
The Catholics retaliated to the Protestant Union with the _____________
A
Catholic league
21
Q
This group strongly supported the Holy Roman Empire and the preservation of Catholicism during the thirty years war
A
Habsburgs
22
Q
What were the four phases of the thirty years war? (In order)
A
Bohemian phase
Danish phase
Swedish phase
French phase
23
Q
In which the estate (parliament) of Bohemia threw two Holy Roman Empire emissaries out of a window
A
Defenestration of Prague
24
Q
The bohemian phase of the thirty years war turned into a civil war between who?
A
Catholics and Protestants
25
At what battle did Catholics defeat the Protestants in the bohemian phase?
Battle of White Mountain
26
Who won the bohemian phase?
Catholics
27
The Danish phase was called so because of the leadership of _______________ of Denmark
King Christian IV
28
What religion was Christian IV?
Protestant
29
Who led the catholic army during the Danish phase of the war?
Albert of Wallenstein
30
Who was Holy Roman Emperor during the thirty years war?
Ferdinand II
31
Who issued the edict of restitution during th Danish phase of the war?
Ferdinand II
32
What did the Edict of Restitution say?
- all catholic property lost to Protestants was to be restored
- only Catholics and Lutherans could practice their faith
33
The Swedish phase of the war began with the arrival of Swedish King ______________ and his army in Germany
Gustavus Adolphus
34
What religion was Gustavus Adolphus?
Lutheran
35
Why did French minister Cardinal Richelieu subsidize the Swedish during the TYW?
In hopes to weaken Habsburg power
36
Who signed the Peace of Prague?
-Ferdinand II and the Elector of Saxony
37
What did the Treaty of Prague do?
- revoked the edict of restitution
- solidified terms established by the peace of Augsburg
- ended the civil war/religious aspect of the war
38
What was Cardinal Richelieu's response to his fear of a Habsburg resurgence of power?
He declared war on Spain
39
Treaty that ended the TYW
Peace of Westphalia
40
What did the peace of Westphalia do?
- reduced the power of the HRE
- recognized independence of Switzerland and the Dutch republic
- expanded the peace of Augsburg to include Calvinism
- gave freedom to make their own treaties and alliances to German states
- left Habsburg Spain isolated
41
Rulers who gathered all power under their personal control
Absolutists
42
Obliged to respect laws passed by representative institutions
Constitutionalists
43
What was the main similarity between absolutist and constitutionalist forms of government?
Both had the goal of increasing central control of their states
44
Rulers turned to ________ to meet the demands of expanding governments
Ministers
45
The seventeenth century saw a rise in military standards with many countries establishing ___________________
Permanent standing armies
46
French _________ were often officers that led men into battle
Nobles
47
Nobles had to _________ military position
Purchase
48
How did most countries pay for their expanding militaries?
Raising taxes
49
The sun King, seen as the epitome of the absolutists ruler
Louis XIV
50
As French power rose, __________ power faded
Spanish
51
This King of France acquired a country devastated by war and starvation, however he restored French virility
Henry IV
52
What did people call Henry IV?
Henri le grand
53
________________ allowed the French monarchy to maintain power
Cardinal Richelieu
54
Richelieu extended the use of __________
Intendants
55
What was Richelieu's religious goal for France?
Suppress Protestantism
56
Who was the chief minister for young Louis XIV?
Jules Mazarin
57
Violent uprisings triggered by growing royal control and high taxation, happened when Louis XIV was still a child
Fronde
58
Louis XIV did not have a _____________
First minister
59
What were Louis XIV's religious views?
Tolerant, but believes religious unity was essential to security of France
60
Louis XIV continued the policy of ______________ established by Richelieu
Protestant repression
61
In 1685, Louis XIV revoked the ________________
Edict of Nantes
62
Where did King Louis XIV move the royal court to?
The palace of Versailles
63
What did Louis require of his nobility in regards of Versailles?
They had to spend part of their year there
64
Louis was an enthusiastic ________________
Patron of the arts
65
Became the center of European politics
Versailles
66
French military strength was dependent on a good _________
Economy
67
Who was Louis XIV's controller general? ; he was a financial genius
Jean Babtiste Colbert
68
Collection of policies for the regulation of economic activities by the state
Mercantilism
69
What did Colbert insist about French trade/exports/imports?
The French should make all the goods they need
70
Colbert _______ domestic tariffs
Abolished
71
Colbert ____________ tariffs of foreign goods
Raised
72
With the hopes of competing with the Dutch for Asian trade, Colbert created what company?
Company of the East Indies
73
Why did Colbert want Canada for France?
Rich in natural resources and fertile soil
74
Louis XIV's Secretary of State for war
Marquis de Lavois
75
Instead of the local nobles, who employed soldiers for Lavois's army?
The French state
76
The French pursued a policy of _________
Expansion
77
The war of the Spanish succession was endured by _________ and ___________ French
Starving and malnourished
78
What sparked the war of the Spanish succession?
The death of the Spanish King Charles II
79
Who did Charles II's will give the crown to?
Philip of Anjou (Louis XIV's grandson)
80
Why was Charles's will so controversial?
It violated a treaty that agreed to divide Spain between the French and the HRE
81
Why did Louis break the treaty and accept the will?
He claimed to be following Spanish and French interests
82
After Louis accepted the will, who formed an alliance against him?
English, Dutch , Austrians, and Prussians
83
Ended the war of the Spanish succession, ended French expansion, and marked the beginning of the British empire
Peace of Utrecht
84
What did the peace of Utrecht say?
Philip was allowed to remain King on the understanding that the French and Spanish crowns would never be united
-France surrenders part of Canadian territories to England
85
By the end of the war of the Spanish succession , France was on the verge of __________
Bankruptcy
86
What was the main reason for the economic downfall of Spain?
Trade with the new world fell
87
How did the Spanish crown pay their debts?
Devaluing coinage, declaring bankruptcy
88
The expulsion of __________ from Spain significantly reduced skilled workers
Muslims
89
King Philip IV of France led the management of many kingdoms to who?
Olivares
90
What was Olivares' view on how to achieve restoration do the Spanish empire?
Return to imperialism
91
Ended the French/Spanish conflict, Spanish surrenders some territory to French
Treaty of Pyrenees
92
In 1688 Spain recognized the independence of __________
Portugal
93
Eastern peasants had lost the ability to ____________
Own land
94
The east saw a growth in _____________
Commercial agriculture
95
How did landlords undermine the privilege of the towns and urban class?
Sold products directly to foreigners instead of merchants first
96
In the east, the population of towns and the urban middle class _________
Decreased
97
The _______________ emerged from the thirty years war exhausted and impoverished
Austrian Habsburgs
98
Who was the Austrian ruler who led the defeat of Bohemia?
Ferdinand II
99
After controlling Bohemia, the Habsburgs turned towards __________
Hungary
100
How did the Hungarian nobility thwart full development of Habsburg absolutism?
Revolts
101
Who led a wide scale revolt against the Habsburg ruler?
Prince Francis Rakoczky
102
What factors promoted unity and loyalty in Austria?
Zealous Catholicism and German language
103
Political and cultural center of Austrian empire
Vienna
104
What was the name of the great Austrian palace at Vienna?
Schönbrunn
105
What family ruled Prussia?
Hohenzollern
106
What was the power of electors?
Elect Holy Roman Emperor
107
The great elector
Frederick William
108
Frederick William was determine to unify what 3 provinces?
Brandenburg, Prussia, and scattered territories along the Rhine
109
Nobility and landowning class that dominated Prussia
Junkers
110
What did the great elector give the Junkers in exchange for a tax to finance a permanent standing army?
Reconfirm their authority over serfs
111
The soldier King, fully instilled absolutism in Prussia
Frederick William I
112
Who did Frederick William I enlist to lead the army?
Junkers
113
The ottomans were religiously _________
Tolerant
114
The rule of the __________ set the role for Russian absolutism
Mongol Khan
115
Expanded the principality of Moscow toward the Baltic Sea, declared independence of Moscow from the Mongols
Ivan III
116
What did the people call Ivan III?
Ivan the great
117
High ranked Russian nobles who helped Moscow princes consolidate power
Boyars
118
Kings of Russia, thought they were holy rulers
Tsar
119
Ivan the terrible, defeated remnants of Mongol power
Ivan IV
120
What did Ivan IV do after his wife's death?
Began persecuting people he was suspicious of opposing him
121
Ivan IV created a new ________ dependent on the tsar for land and titles
Nobility
122
Serfs fled Russia and joined ___________
Cossacks
123
Chaotic period after the death of Ivan IV in which his relatives struggled for power and people suffered draught, crop failure, and plague
Time of trouble
124
The Russian nobles appointed ____________ to the throne
Michael Romanov
125
What did Romanov do?
- Reconsolidated central authority
| - didn't improve life of peasantry much
126
Cossack who gathered an army of peasants and rebelled
Stenka Razin
127
Heir to the state building efforts of Romanov, embarked on a campaign to complete the process
Peter the great
128
Peter the great wanted to _______ the army and ________ expansion
Build, continue
129
Peter the great formed an alliance with who to wage a war against Sweden?
Denmark, Poland
130
What peters goals of war with Sweden?
Secure access to Baltic Sea, expansion
131
War between Sweden and Russia
The great northern war
132
What did Peter the great require of his nobles in regard to the military?
They had to serve for life
133
Peters new army _______ Sweden
Defeated
134
The top ranks of the ottoman beurocracy were staffed by the ___________
Slave corps
135
Some talented slaves rose to the top while the less fortunate were forced to join the core of the sultans army: ____________
the janissary corps
136
System in which the Ottoman Empire divided their subjects into religious communities ruled by religious leaders
Millet system
137
Sultans married only elite women but had many ___________
Concubines
138
Sultan who undid marriage politics
Sultan Silberman
139
Two countries that practiced constitutionalism
England , Netherlands
140
In order to be constitutionalist, you had to have a _________
Constitution
141
England established a _______________
Constitutional monarchy
142
Who succeeded queen Elizabeth of England ?
James Stuart (James I)
143
Where had James previously ruled?
Scotland
144
James I was an __________
Absolutist
145
Who succeeded James I?
Charles I
146
There were disagreements between the crown and the ___________
House of Commons
147
Believed that the Protestant reformation had not done enough to purify the church
Puritans
148
_______ were a catholic tradition still practiced in England
Bishops
149
Why did James want to keep bishops?
They were supporters of the throne
150
Who did Charles I controversially support?
Archbishop Canterbury William Laud
151
Charles I ____________ parliament
Dissolved
152
The long parliament passed this, said the King had to summon parliament at least once every three years
Triennial act
153
Charles created a separate army from ________ and its cavalry
Nobility
154
Parliament formed the _________
New model army
155
The new model army ________the Kings army
Defeated
156
Who came to lead the new model army?
Oliver Cromewell
157
What did Cromwell do with Charles?
Captures him
158
Part of parliament leftover after Cromwell dismissed anti Cromwell members
Rump parliament
159
Charles was put on trial and __________
Beheaded
160
The _________ was abolished with the execution of Charles I
Monarchy
161
Philosopher who said that the only way for peace was a social contract between ruler and subjects, book: leviathan
Thomas Hobbs
162
Republican government established by Cromwell
Pretectorate
163
What was the name of the constitution established by Cromwell?
Instrument of Government
164
Why was the constitution never endorsed?
Cromwell dismissed parliament
165
Cromwell game all Christians except _________ freedom to religion
Catholics
166
Cromwell reconquered _________ and forbade Catholicism
Ireland
167
Passed by Cromwell, required that English goods be transported on English ships
Navigation act
168
Prectocterate collapsed when Cromwell _______
Died
169
The restoration brought ______________ to the throne
Charles II
170
Denied people outside of the Anglican Church right to vote, hold office, teach, attend university, etc. passed by Charles II
Test act
171
Why was Charles II angry with parliament?
He thought he didn't receive enough income
172
Charles II entered a secret agreement with his cousin, ___________
Louis XIV
173
What were the terms of the agreement between Charles II and King Louis XIV
-French would give Charles money if he relaxed anti-catholic laws, gradually recatholicise England, and convert
174
Charles II's catholic brother ________ Becomes king after Charles's death
James II
175
How did James II violate the test act?
Appointing Catholics to positions etc
176
James II and his family fled from ______
London
177
Who was offered the crown after James fled?
His Protestant daughter Mary and Dutch husband Prince William of Orange
178
In which the King and queen were replaced with little bloodshed
Glorious revolution
179
What laws did parliament pass after the glorious revolution?
- monarchs could not dissolve parliament
- parliament must be called at least every three years
- no peacetime standing army
- Catholics could not possess arms or inherit throne
180
Mary and William signed ___________
The English bill of rights
181
English political philosopher who defended republican governments
John Locke
182
What was John Lockes book called?
Second treatise of civil government
183
What were Lockes natural rights?
Life, liberty, property
184
Led cabinet, became first prime minister
Sir Robert Walpole
185
__________ and __________ power in England was held by the leading minister
Legislative, executive
186
In the late sixteenth century, the Netherlands won independence from ________
Spain
187
Netherlands independence was recognized by the ______________
Treaty of Westaphalia
188
This was called the __________ age of the Netherlands
Golden
189
The Dutch rejected monarchy and established a _________
Republic
190
Wealthy businessmen, held an oligarchy, handled domestic affairs in Dutch estates
Regents
191
Who handled domestic affairs in the Dutch government?
Federal assemblies
192
Dutch province with the largest navy and most wealth
Holland
193
Executive officers in each province, usually held by house of orange
Stadholder
194
Dutch political success rested on _____________
Commercial prosperity
195
The Dutch dominated ___________
Shipping
196
The __________ spurred the growth f baroque art
Catholic Church
197
Most influential baroque painter
Peter Paul Rubens
198
Most influential baroque composer/musician
Johann Bach
199
The 17the century is also known as the ____________
Age of crises
