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AP European History > Ch 17: The Expansion of Europe > Flashcards

Ch 17: The Expansion of Europe Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

By the end of the 17th century, most of Europe was agrarian except for what two countries?

A

England and Dutch Republic

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2
Q

What was the system most of Europe used for farming up to the seventeenth century?

A

Open field system

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3
Q

What was a big problem with the agriculture prior to the expansion of Europe?

A

Soil exhaustion

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4
Q

What was the only way to let soil recover?

A

Having a fallow period

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5
Q

Who led the agricultural revolution?

A

The Dutch

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6
Q

What technique allowed farmers to forgo a fallow period?

A

Crop rotation

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7
Q

Crop that came to Europe through the Colombian exchange, it was nutritious and supplemented Europeans diets

A

Potato

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8
Q

What fueled experimentation on farming techniques?

A

The scientific revolution

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9
Q

A movement to fence in fields to farm more efficiently, was done at the expense of the poor

A

Enclosure

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10
Q

Where was the enclosure system most extensive?

A

England and the Low Countries

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11
Q

Person who made vast advancements in drainage which allowed the farming of previously marshy areas

A

Cornelius Vermuyden

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12
Q

Englishman who tried to develop new farming methods through empiricism

A

Tethro Tull

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13
Q

Why was the enclosure movement controversial?

A

Closing open fields would hurt the village peasantry and force them to move to urban centers to find jobs

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14
Q

Why did improvements in technology increase unemployment?

A

New inventions increased productivity which meant less people were needed to farm and there were less jobs

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15
Q

The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners

A

Proletarianization

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16
Q

What was the major cause for the European population growth of the 18th century?

A

Decline in mortality

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17
Q

What were the causes for Europe’s decrease in mortality?

A
  • disappearance of bubonic plague
  • improvements in water and sewage
  • canal and road building
  • less destructive wars
  • agricultural advancement
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18
Q

What was the most negative side effect to the increased population?

A

Increase in the number of workers with no land

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19
Q

In which rural workers used fools in their homes to manufacture goods for sale in the market

A

Cottage industry

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20
Q

System where merchants loaned materials to cottage workers to be processed and returned to the merchant as a finished product

A

Putting out system

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21
Q

Why did the putting out system grow?

A
  • abundant laborers willing to work for small wages

- unregulated production in the countryside

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22
Q

Where did the putting out system have the most success?

A

England

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23
Q

What was the most common industry for the putting out system?

A

Textiles

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24
Q

Whose job was it to operate the loom?

A

The husband

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25
Wives and daughters of agricultural workers who prepared the thread, often widows
Spinners
26
What was the merchant's main problem with the putting out system?
Maintaining control over their work force
27
Why did merchants have trouble maintaining order over their employees?
They were scattered and had to work less during harvest
28
How did merchants motivate workers?
Giving them the lowest possible wages
29
In which families began focusing on earning wages instead of producing goods for the home; reduced leisure time, worked faster, and used women and children to earn money
The industrious revolution
30
The organization of artisanal production into trade based associations
The guild system
31
How did rural industry undermine the guild system?
Competition from rural workers who would work for less
32
What privileges did guilds have?
- monopoly over its trade - right to train apprentices and hire workers - exclusive right to produce and sell certain goods - access to materials in restricted markets
33
Who did guilds restrict membership to?
Local Christian men
34
Why did guilds become unimportant in England?
National regulations were instilled that lowered the need for guilds
35
What country had the most powerful guilds?
Germany
36
What did enlightened thinkers normally think of guilds?
They were outdated and obstructed progress
37
Figure of the Scottish enlightenment, one of the leading critics of government regulation; the father of capitalism
Adam smith
38
What was the title of Adam Smith's book?
Wealth of Nations
39
What idea did Adam Smith develop that established the basis for modern economics?
Freedom of Enterprise
40
Separating production into small tasks to increase productivity, advocated by Adam Smith
Division of labor
41
What were the three sole duties did Adam Smith believed government should be responsible for?
- defense against foreign invasion - maintenance of civil order - sponsorship of certain indispensable public works
42
Belief in free trade and competition based on the invisible hand of free competition
Economic liberalism
43
Theory that the pursuit of self interest would be sufficient to improve living conditions of citizens
Invisible hand
44
Issued law abolishing all French guilds in 1776
Anne Robert Jaques Turgot
45
In 1707, Great Britain was formed by the unification of what two countries into a single kingdom?
England and Scotland
46
What allowed England to have so much commercial success in the eighteenth century?
The mercantilistic policies of the seventeenth century
47
English laws created to control the import of goods to Britain and its colonies
Navigation acts
48
What were the intentions of the Navigation Act?
Increase wealth and military power
49
Who passed the first navigation act in 1651, requiring all goods shipped to England and Scotland to be by British ships or built by the country of the goods origin
Oliver Cromwell
50
Who extended the navigation acts in 1660 and 1663?
Charles II
51
The navigation acts were a form of economic warfare aimed at what country?
Dutch Republic
52
What Dutch colony did the British take and rename New York?
New Amsterdam
53
After the Dutch began to fall behind, who became England's most serious rival?
France
54
Why was France a rival for England?
Lots of natural resources, large population, alliance with Spain
55
What sparked the war of the Spanish succession?
Louis XIV accepted the Spanish crown willed to his grandson
56
What did the Peace of Utrecht entail?
Louis had to cede his North American holdings to Britain
57
Part of the peace of Utrecht in which Spain gives Britain control over the west African slave trade
Asiento
58
What sparked the war of the Austrian succession?
Frederick The Great of Prussia seized Silesia from Maria Theresa of Austria
59
Who did France support in the War of Austrian Succession?
Austria
60
Who did England support in the War of Austrian Succession?
Prussia
61
Who triumphed in the Seven Years War?
England
62
What treaty ended the seven years war?
The Treaty of Paris
63
Who was involved in triangle trade?
Europe, Africa, Colonies
64
The English economy was reliant on export to ____________
The Americas
65
Who did England benefit from colonial imports?
They bought colonial goods for cheap and sold them to European nations for profit
66
What goods were most important in the Atlantic trade?
Tobacco and sugar
67
City that grew to be the worlds largest/richest city
London
68
What colonial industries did France profit from the most?
Agriculture and the slave trade
69
What North American territory did Spain gain from France?
Louisiana
70
What allowed Spain to flourish again?
Recovery in silver production
71
Spanish system similar to serfdom in which masters kept indigenous implodes in perpetual debt
Debt peonage
72
Why did the Atlantic slave trade intensify in the eighteenth century?
Demand for agricultural goods
73
Who lead the abolition movement in England?
Women
74
People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas
Creoles
75
America was influenced the most by the _________ enlightenment
Scottish
76
Who led the enlightenment in the colonies?
Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson
77
What was the largest effect of the American enlightenment?
It encouraged colonists to criticize the mother country
78
Who dominated Indian Ocean trade before the Dutch?
Portugal
79
How did the Treaty of Paris affect Indian Ocean trade?
All of France's possessions in India were given to England except for Pondicherry
80
Who claimed Australia for England?
James Cook
81
Who were the Atlantic powers that lead the way in the expansion of Europe?
Dutch Republic, France, England

AP European History (16 decks)

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