Ch 16: Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Before the scientific revolution, most knowledge of motion and astronomy was derived from ____________
A
Aristotle
2
Q
Aristotle’s ideas were applied to ___________ theology
A
Christian
3
Q
Encompassed what we know as science today
A
Natural philosophy
4
Q
What did Aristotle believe about astronomy?
A
A motionless earth was the center of the universe and surrounded by ten crystal spheres, beyond of which was heaven
5
Q
Who theorized that planets move in small epicycles?
A
Ptolemy
6
Q
Many developments in the European scientific revolution were borrowed from ________ scholars
A
Arab
7
Q
The union of _________ and natural philosophy would be the hallmark of the scientific revolution
A
Mathematics
8
Q
How did the Renaissance stimulate the scientific revolution?
A
- patrons funded scientific expeditions as well
- geometry and realism in art
- rediscovery of ancient texts
9
Q
Fascination with discoveries during the scientific revolution led to an increase in __________
A
Printing
10
Q
Navigational problems in ___________ led to technological innovations
A
Exploration
11
Q
He was the first to theorize the heliocentric model of the universe
A
Nicolaus Copernicus
12
Q
What was the name of Copernicus’s book?
A
On the revolution of the heavenly spheres
13
Q
What was the major religious problem posed by the heliocentric model?
A
Where was heaven?
14
Q
Who observed the new star of 1572?
A
Tycho Brah
15
Q
New tables of planetary motion created by Thycho Brah
A
Rudolphine Tables
16
Q
Thycho Brah was restricted by his limited understanding of _______
A
Math
17
Q
Brah’s young assistant who believed that the world was built off of mathematical relationships
A
Johann Kepler
18
Q
Kepler created the _________________which were published in “the new astronomy”
A
Three laws of planetary motion
19
Q
Kepler also pioneered which field?
A
Optics
20
Q
Who’s greatest achievement was an elaboration on the experimental method?
A
Galileo
21
Q
Galileo furnished the law of ________, “an object in motion tends to stay in motion…”
A
Inertia
22
Q
Galileo thought it dangerous to publicly show support for the ____________ model
A
Heliocentric
23
Q
Galileos book that was viewed negatively by the church
A
“Dialogue on the chief systems of the world”
24
Q
What was the result of Galileos book?
A
He was arrested, put on trial for heresy, and forced to recant
25
The book that laid down Newtons three laws of motion
"Mathematical principles of Natural Philosophy"
26
Newtons law that all objects are attracted to each other by a precise math equation
Law of universal gravitation
27
Greatest early propagandist for the experimental method
Francis bacon
28
Bacon believed knowledge had to be persued by _________
Empiricism
29
Bacons followers created the ____________ where they met to discuss ideas
Royal society
30
The ______________ extended the use of reason
scientific revolution
31
French philosopher who began to investigate the basic nature of matter
Rene Descartes
32
Rene Descartes held the notion of a __________ universe
Mechanical
33
Rene's view that all reality could be reduced to mind and matter
Cartesian dualism
34
__________ philosophy was popular in England
Experimental
35
___________ was popular in France and the Netherlands
Speculative
36
Speculative and experimental approaches combined in the ______________
Scientific method
37
Ancient Greek physician that theorized that the body contained 4 humors
Galen
38
Studied anatomy by dissecting the bodies of criminals in his book "On the structure of the human body"
Andreas Vesalius
39
Discovered circulation of blood through veins and arteries
William Harvey
40
Helped found the modern science of chemistry
Robert Boyle
41
The rise of modern science influenced the rise of a new social group: the ______________
Scientific community
42
The influential , intellectual, and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a worldview based on rationalism
Enlightenment
43
What three concepts stood at the forefront of the enlightenment?
Rationalism, scientific method, progress
44
Critical of religious beliefs and persecutions in "historical and critical dictionary"
Pierce Bayle
45
Belief that nothing can be known without a doubt, championed by Bayle
Skepticism
46
Idea that there's only one substance in the world
Spinoza monism
47
Believed that all ideas were derived from experience, justified bacons theory of experimentalism
John Locke
48
First major work of the enlightenment, criticized existing practices and beliefs, written by monetesquie
Persian letters
49
Woman who studied physics and math and wanted equal education for women
Madame du chatelet
50
Voltaire thought that most humans were _______ to govern themselves
Unfit
51
People who thought God had set universe in motion but refrained from intervening
Diest
52
Did Voltaire believe in social/economic equality
No
53
Voltaire was religiously ________
Tolerant
54
Who edited the encyclopedia?
Denis Diderot and Jean le Rona d'alembert
55
What did Jean Jacques Rousseau believe about rationalism?
It destroyed rather than liberated the individual
56
Name of Jean Jacques Roseau's book
"The social contract"
57
The Scottish enlightenment was marked by emphasis on ___________
Reasoning
58
Scottish enlightenment thinker who emphasized civic morality and religious skepticism
David Hume
59
What did David Hume think the about the mind?
It was nothing but a bundle of impressions
60
Who led the American enlightenment?
Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson
61
Greatest German philosopher of his day, thought freedom of speech would spur the enlightenment
Immanuel Kant
62
How did Descartes think everything could be analyzed as?
Matter in motion
63
Descartes had a notion of a _____________ universe
Mechanistic
64
Descartes's view that all reality could be reduced to mind and matter
Cartesian dualism
65
Ancient Greek physician who theorized that the body contains 4 humors
Galen
66
Pioneered drugs as a treatment of chemical not humorol imbalances
Paracelus
67
Studied anatomy by dissecting the bodies of criminals
Andreas Vesalius
68
Discovered circulation of blood through veins and arteries
William Harvey
69
Who helped found the modern science of chemistry and conducted expirements to discover the basic elements of nature
Robert Boyle
70
What three concepts stand at the forefront of the enlightenment?
Rationalism, the scientific method, and progress
71
The enlightenment gained strength ________
Slowly
72
Skeptic who was critical of religious beliefs in his book "historical and critical dictionary"
Bayle
73
Center of early enlightenment though for many faiths, many flee here
Dutch republic
74
Believed the mind and body were united in one substance
Baruch Spinoza
75
Idea that their is only one substance in the world
Spinoza monoism
76
Believed in an infinite number of substances
Gottfried Von Liebenz
77
Believed that all ideas were derived from experience, justified bacons emphasis on expirementalism
John Locke
78
French intellectuals who claimed to bring reason to ignorant humans
Philosophes
79
Philosophe disturbed by absolutism, argued for separation of powers and applied critical methods to government in "the spirit of laws"
Montesquieu
80
Who was Voltaire's wife?
Madame du Châtelet
81
What did Voltaire believe about who was fit for rule?
Most people unfit to govern themselves
82
Voltaire did not believe in social and economic equality and was more liberal in _______ and _________
Religion, philosophy
83
Voltaire hated religious __________
Intolerance
84
Who edited the encyclopedia?
Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'alembert
85
The encyclopedia had initial ___________ from the French monarchy and the Catholic Church
Resistance
86
Believed greater human knowledge would result in more happiness
Encyclopediaists
87
Who believe the philosophes were plotting against him and severed ties with them?
Jean Jacques Rousseau
88
Jean Jacques Rousseau attacked __________ and _________ as destroying rather than liberating individuals
Rationalism, civilization
89
Jean Jacques Rousseau influenced this movement that came to rev against the enlightenment in the eighteenth century
Romantic movement
90
Jean Jacques Rousseau's book that contributed to political theory based on general will and popular sovereignty
"The social contract"
91
Long distance intellectual community that shared thoughts about enlightenment
Republic of letters
92
Where was the Scottish enlightenment centered?
Edinburgh
93
The Scottish enlightened was marked by an emphasis on ________ and ___________
Common sense, reasoning
94
Leader of the Scottish enlightenment, emphasized civic morality and religious skepticism
David Hume
95
David Hume believed that the human mind was nothing but a _________________
Bundle of impressions
96
Who led the enlightened movement in North America?
Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson
97
In this country, enlightened ideas were hotly debated in regards to Christian theology
Germany
98
Italian who pleaded for the reform of the penal system like torture and capital punishment
Cessare Bruccaria
99
What was the name of Cessare Beccaria's book
On crimes and punishment
100
Popular sallonier of the enlightenment
Madame de Deffand
101
Popular style characterized by soft pastels and ornate interiors
Rococo
102
___________ became Meccas for intellectual conversation
Coffee houses
103
Why was the enlightenment such a huge catalyst for thoughts on race?
The urge to classify nature
104
Carle Von Lienne's book that says nature was organized into a God given hierarchy
The system of nature
105
White supremacy led to ___________ that solidified he growth of slavery
Scientific racism
106
Wrote "A History of Two Indies", attacking slavery and European colonization
Raynal
107
Frederick The Great invaded Maria Theresa of Austria's province of __________, doubling the Prussian population and increasing its global prominence
Silesia
108
Seeking revenge Maria Theresa formed an alliance with ________ and _________ with the goal of splitting acquired territory
France, Russia
109
The conflict between Prussia and Austria came to be called the ____________
7 years war
110
What saved Frederick the Great?
Peter III came to the throne and called off the attack
111
What were the effects of the seven years war on Frederick the Greats absolutist policies?
He toned down expansion and considered human policies to strengthen the state
112
Frederick the great allowed his subjects ____________tolerance and promoted education
Religious
113
Frederick the great lived modestly and rationalized his monarchy in terms of ___________
Practical results
114
Catherine the Great continued Peters tradition of bringing ____________ culture to Russia
Western
115
What kept Frederick the great from being completely enlightened?
- kept serfdom
- extended the powers of the nobility
- remained the backbone of the military
116
How did Catherine the Great domestically reform Russia?
- restricted torture
- set forth limited religious toleration
- improved education
117
Started a massive Russian serf rebellion, declaring himself the true tsar
Emilen Pugachev
118
What was the effects of Pugachevs rebellion on Catherine the Greats reform?
She saw peasants as dangerous and began an extremely oppressive system of serfdom, giving her nobility absolute control over their serfs
119
For Maria Theresa of Austria, ________ was a more important motivation for her reform than the enlightenment
Power politics
120
Maria Theresa _________ central power
Centralized
121
Mary Theresa's son, was more radical with the enlightenment
Joseph II
122
What was Joseph's most radical reform?
Abolish serfdom
123
The name for the Jewish enlightenment
Haskalah
124
Who led the Jewish enlightenment? He advocated for freedom and civil rights of European Jews
Moses Mendeesohn
125
Frederick the Great __________ Jewish tolerance
Opposed
126
__________ sought to integrate Jews more into society
Joseph II
127
Catherine the Great established the ________________ where many Jews were required to live
Pale of Settlement
