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Biology II > ch. 30 > Flashcards

ch. 30 Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics common to seed plants

A
  1. heterospory
  2. reduced gametophytes
  3. ovules
  4. pollen
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2
Q

reduced gametophytes

A
  • develop within walls of spores that are retained within tissues of parent sporophyte
  • arrangement protects developing gametophyte from environmental stress and obtains nutrients from sporophyte
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3
Q

gametophyte size in nonvascular plants

A

giant
- sporophyte reduced, dependent on gametophyte

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4
Q

gametophyte size in seedless vascular plants

A
  • small
  • gp photosynthetic and free living
  • sporophyte dominant
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5
Q

gametophyte size in seed plants

A
  • tiny
  • usually microscopic
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6
Q

what are the scales on ovulate cones called

A

megasporophylls

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7
Q

where are ovulate cones in relation to pollen cones

A

higher on tree, pollen cones lower

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8
Q

what is inside the female ovulate and male pollen cone?

A

gametophyte

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9
Q

where are male gametophytes in gymnosperms

A

pollen cone

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10
Q

where are female gametophytes in gymnosperms

A

ovulate cone

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11
Q

where are male gametophytes in angiosperms

A

anthers

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12
Q

where are female gametophytes in angiosperms

A

ovules

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13
Q

homosporous

A

plants producing one type of spore
- usually bisexual
- ferns and close relatives

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14
Q

heterosporous

A

produces 2 dif types of spores, which develop into either male or female gametophytes
- seed plants
- separate sex gametophytes

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15
Q

megasporophylls and microsporophylls

A

modified leaves

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16
Q

megasporophylls…

A
  • megasporangia
  • megasporocytes
  • meiosis
  • megaspores
  • female gametophytes
  • mitosis
  • ovum or egg
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17
Q

microsporophylls…

A
  • microsporgangia
  • microsporocytes
  • meiosis
  • microspores
  • male gametophytes
  • mitosis
  • sperm
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18
Q

ovule

A

consists of megasporangium, megaspore, and 1+ protective integuments

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19
Q

how many integuments do gymnosperm megasporangia have

A

one

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20
Q

how many integuments do angiosperm megasporangia have

A

two

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21
Q

what does a microspore develop into?

A

divides by mitosis to create pollen grain
- contains male gametophyte

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22
Q

pollination

A

transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

23
Q

what happens with a germinated pollen grain

A

produces pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule

24
Q

where are seeds found in gymnosperms

A

exposed on sporophytes that form cones

25
Q

where are seeds found in angiosperms

A

fruits (mature ovaries)

26
Q

what are most gymnosperms?

A

cone-bearing plants called confiers

27
Q

male life cycle of pine

A
  1. pine tree is sporophyte that produces sporangia in male/female cones
  2. pollen cones consist of microsporophylls that bear microsporangia
  3. microsporangia contain microsporophytes that undergo meiosis to produce microspores
  4. each microspore develops into pollen grain containing male gametophyte
28
Q

female life cycle of pine

A
  1. ovulate cones consist of megasporophylls with megasporangia and modified stem tissue
  2. megasporangia contain megasporocytes that undergo meiosis to produce megaspores
  3. megaspores develop into female gametophytes
29
Q

4 phyla of gymnosperms

A
  1. cycadophyta
  2. gingkophyta
  3. gnetophyte
  4. coniferophyta
30
Q

cycadophyta

A
  • large cones and palm like leaves
  • flagellated sperm
31
Q

gingkophyta

A
  • single living species: Gingko biloba
  • flagellated sperm
  • high tolerance to air pollution, popular ornamental tree
32
Q

gnetophyta

A
  • 3 genera: Gentum, Ephedra, Welwitschia
  • vary in appearance, tropical to desert
  • Ephedra sinica - weight loss supplement, anxiety
33
Q

coniferophyta

A
  • largest of gymnosperms
  • woody cones, sometimes fleshy
  • most are evergreens, photosynthesis year-round
34
Q

characteristics of angiosperms

A
  • single phylum: Anthophyta
  • have 2 key adapatations: flowers, fruit
35
Q

flower

A

specialized shoot w/ up to 4 types of modified leaves called floral organs
- specialized for sexual reproduction
- pollinated by insects, animals, or wind

36
Q

floral organs

A

sepals, petals, stamen, carpels

37
Q

sepals

A

enclose flower

38
Q

petals

A

brightly colored to attract pollinators, wind pollinated don’t have bright flowers

39
Q

stamens

A

male reproductive organ
- anthers
- filament

40
Q

carpels (pistil)

A

female reproductive organ
- stigma
- style
- ovary

41
Q

what is the pistil made up of

A

megasporophylls

42
Q

what are produced in the anthers

A

microspores that develop into pollen containing male gametophytes

43
Q

why is the stigma sticky

A

where pollen is received

44
Q

what does the ovary contain

A

the female gametophyte within the ovules

45
Q

pistil

A

single carpel or 2+ fused carpels

46
Q

how does a fruit form

A

when the ovary wall thickens and matures
- protects seeds and aids in dispersal
- fleshy or dry

47
Q

angiosperm life cycle

A
  1. male gametophytes are contained within pollen grains produced by microsporangia or anthers
  2. female gametophyte (embryo sac) develops within ovule in ovary at base of stigma
  3. cross-pollination occurs
  4. pollen grain lands on stigma and germinates, and pollen tube grows down to ovary
  5. ovule is entire through micropyle
  6. double fertilization occurs when pollen tube discharges two sperm into female gametophyte within ovule
  7. one sperm fertilizes egg, other combines w/ 2 nuclei in central cell of female gametophyte and initiates development of endosperm
48
Q

micropyle

A

where pollen tube enters ovule in angiosperms

49
Q

what does embryo consist of in angiosperm

A

a root and 1-2 seed leaves (cotyledons)

50
Q

monocot characteristics

A
  • one cotyledon
  • parallel veins
  • scattered vascular tissue
  • fibrous root system, no main root
  • pollen grain w/ 1 opening
  • floral organs in multiples of 3
51
Q

eudicot characteristics

A
  • two cotyledons
  • netlike veins
  • vascular tissue in ring
  • taproot (main root)
  • pollen w/ 3 openings
  • floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5
52
Q

most of our food comes from

A

angiosperms

53
Q

angiosperm crops that are consumed by humans

A

wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, sweet potato

Biology II (43 decks)

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