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Biology II > ch. 51 > Flashcards

ch. 51 Flashcards

1
Q

symmetry of male fiddler crabs

A

asymmetrical: one claw giant, other small
- small claw used for feeding
- large claw sometime waved in air

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2
Q

claw-waving behavior functions

A
  • repels other males
  • attracts females
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3
Q

behavior

A

action carried out by muscles under control of the nervous system

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4
Q

questions that should be asked about animal behavior

A
  1. what stimulus elicits behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
  2. how does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response
  3. how does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?
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5
Q

behavioral ecology

A

study of ecological basis for animal behavior
- integrates proximate and ultimate explanations for animal behavior

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6
Q

proximate causation

A

address how a behavior occurs or is modified, including questions 1/2

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7
Q

ultimate causation

A

addresses why a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection and ecology

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8
Q

fixed action pattern

A

sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus
- unchangeable, and once initiated, usually carried to completion

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9
Q

what is a fixed action pattern triggered by

A

external cue - sign stimulus

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10
Q

3-spined male stickleback fish

A

stimulus for attack behavior is red underside of an intruder

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11
Q

migration

A

regular, long-distance change in location

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12
Q

during migration, animals orient themselves using their position relative to

A
  • the sun - use circadian clock
  • the North star
  • Earth’s magnetic field
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13
Q

circadian rhythm

A

daily cycle of rest and activity

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14
Q

what are behaviors such as migration and reproduction linked to

A

changing seasons, or circannual rhythm
- periods of daylight/darkness common in seasonal cues

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15
Q

lunar cycles

A

affect tidal movements

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16
Q

signal

A

stimulus transmitted from one organism to another

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17
Q

communication

A

transmission and reception of signals between animals

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18
Q

how do animals communicate

A

visual, chemical, tactile, and auditory signals

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19
Q

3-step stimulus response chain of fruit fly courtship

A
  1. male identifies female of same species and orients toward her - visual (sees) and chemical (smells) communication
  2. male alerts female of his presence - tactile (touches)
  3. male produces courtship song to inform the female of his species - auditory
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20
Q

how do honeybees show complex communication

A

symbolic language

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21
Q

waggle dance of bee returning from field

A

communicates info about distance and direction of a food source
- angle of straight run of dance relative to vertical surface of hive indicates direction
- length of straight run and number of abdominal waggles shows distance to food
- if food less than 50 m away, bee moves in tight circles while moving abdomen side to side

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22
Q

what do animals that communicated through odors/tastes emit

A

chemical substances called pheromones

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23
Q

innate behavior

A

developmentally fixed and doesn’t vary among ind.

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24
Q

cross-fostering study

A

places young from one species in care of adults from another species in similar environment

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25
Q

twin studies

A

allow researchers to compare relative influences of genetics and environment on behavior

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26
Q

learning

A

modification of behavior based on the specific experiences

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27
Q

does nature or nurture shape learning and behavior?

A

both

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28
Q

imprinting

A

establishment of long-lasting behavioral response to a particular ind. or object

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29
Q

when can imprinting take place

A

sensitive period - during specific time in development

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30
Q

sensitive period in gulls

A

1-2 days, offspring and parents must bond or parent will reject offspring

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31
Q

waterfowl and mothers

A

identify with first object they encounter that has key characteristics

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32
Q

spatial learning

A

establishment of a memory that reflects the environment’s spatial structure

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33
Q

spatial learning of digger wasps

A

use landmarks to find nest entrances

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34
Q

cognitive map

A

internal representation of spatial relationships between objects in an animal’s surroundings

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35
Q

cognitive map of clark’s nutcrackers

A

can find food hidden in caches located halfway between particular landmarks

36
Q

associative learning

A

animals associate one feature of their environment with another

37
Q

associative learning and blue jay

A

Will avoid eating monarchs and similar-looking butterflies after distasteful monarch butterfly

38
Q

classical conditioning

A

type of associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward or punishment

39
Q

ex. of classical conditioning

A

dog that repeatedly hears a bell before being fed will salivate in response to sound of bell in anticipation of a meal

40
Q

operant conditioning

A

type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment

41
Q

what is operant conditioning also called

A

trial-and-error learning

42
Q

rats and operant conditioning

A

rat fed after pushing lever will learn to push the lever in order to receive food

43
Q

cognition

A

process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment

44
Q

honeybees and cognition example

A

can distinguish same from different and distinguish between human faces

45
Q

problem solving

A

cognitive activity of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle

46
Q

chimpanzees and problem solving

A

can stack boxes in order to reach suspended food

47
Q

birds (corvids) and problem solving

A

ravens can obtain food suspended by string by pulling up the string

48
Q

how does the development of some behaviors occur

A

in distinct stages over time

49
Q

social learning

A

learning through observation of others

50
Q

chimpanzees and social learning

A

young chimpanzees learn to crack palm nuts with stones by copying experienced chimpanzees

51
Q

culture

A

system of information transfer through observation or teaching that influences behavior of ind. in a population
- can alter behavior and fitness

52
Q

what does behavior enhance in a population

A

survival and reproductive success

53
Q

what does natural selection do

A

refine behaviors that enhance efficiency of feeding

54
Q

foraging

A

food-obtaining behavior
- recognizing, searching, capturing, and eating

55
Q

optimal foraging model

A

views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food

56
Q

costs of obtaining food

A
  • energy expenditure
  • risk of being eaten while foraging (predation)
57
Q

shore crabs and eating different sized mussels - obtaining food costs

A
  • intermediate muscles - highest rate of energy return
  • larger mussels - more energy but take longer to open
  • smaller muscles - easier to open but yield less energy
58
Q

what plays a role in determining reproductive success

A

mating behavior and mate choice

59
Q

what does mating behavior include

A
  • seeking/attracting mates
  • choosing among potential mates
  • competing for mates
  • caring for offspring
60
Q

different types of mating

A
  • promiscuous
  • monogamous
  • polygamous
61
Q

promiscuous mating

A

no strong pair-bonds

62
Q

monogamous mating

A

one male mates with one female
- males/females have similar external morphologies

63
Q

polygamous mating

A

ind. of one sex mates with several ind. of other sex

64
Q

species with polygamous mating are usually…

A

sexually dimorphic - have different external morphologies

65
Q

2 types of polygamous relationships

A
  1. polygynous
  2. polyandrous
66
Q

polygyny

A

one male mate with many females
- males usually more showy/larger

67
Q

polyandry

A

one female mates with many males
- females more showy

68
Q

how does male maximize reproductive success with monogamy - species that need continuous feeding

A

by staying with his mate and caring for his chicks

69
Q

how does male maximize reproductive success with polygyny - chicks soon able to feed and care for themselves

A

male seeks additional mates

70
Q

what does sexual dimorphism result from

A

sexual selection

71
Q

sexual selection

A

form of natural selection in which differences in reproductive success result from differences in mating success

72
Q

intersexual selection

A

members of one sex choose mates on the basis of certain traits

73
Q

intrasexual selection

A

competition between members of same sex for mates

74
Q

mate choice by females

A
  • intersexual selection
  • can drive sexual selection by choosing males w/ specific behaviors/features of anatomy
  • ornaments often correlate with health and vitality
75
Q

what can mate choice also be influenced by

A

imprinting

76
Q

mate-choice copying

A

behavior in which ind. copy mate choice of others
- can increase attractiveness of offspring to opposite sex

77
Q

what can male competition for mates involve

A

agonistic behavior - ritualized context that determines which competitor gains access to a resource

78
Q

game theory

A

evaluates alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends on the strategies of all ind. involved

79
Q

ex. of game theory

A
  • each side-blotched lizard - blue, orange, or yellow throat, each has specific strategy
  • orange - most aggressive, defend large territories
  • blue - defend small territories
  • yellow - nonterritorial, mimic females, sneaky strategies to mate
80
Q

how can master regularly genes control many behaviors

A

by directing expression and activity of many genes with. narrower functions

81
Q

what does the expression of the receptor gene for ADH (vasopressin) determine

A

which behavioral pattern develops

82
Q

altruism

A

ind. that behave in ways that reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of others

83
Q

ex. of altruism

A
  • Belding’s ground squirrel will make an alarm call to others when predator arrives, even though they might get killed
  • naked mole rat - nonreproductive ind. may sacrifice lives by protecting reproductive queen and kings
84
Q

inclusive fitness

A

total effect an ind. has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring

85
Q

what is evolution of altruistic behavior explained by

A

inclusive fitness

86
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

altruistic behavior toward unrelated ind. if aided ind. returns favor in future
- limited to species with stable social groups

Biology II (43 decks)

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