Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology II > ch. 51 > Flashcards

ch. 51 Flashcards

(86 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

symmetry of male fiddler crabs

A

asymmetrical: one claw giant, other small
- small claw used for feeding
- large claw sometime waved in air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

claw-waving behavior functions

A
  • repels other males
  • attracts females
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

behavior

A

action carried out by muscles under control of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

questions that should be asked about animal behavior

A
  1. what stimulus elicits behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
  2. how does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response
  3. how does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

behavioral ecology

A

study of ecological basis for animal behavior
- integrates proximate and ultimate explanations for animal behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

proximate causation

A

address how a behavior occurs or is modified, including questions 1/2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ultimate causation

A

addresses why a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection and ecology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

fixed action pattern

A

sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus
- unchangeable, and once initiated, usually carried to completion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a fixed action pattern triggered by

A

external cue - sign stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3-spined male stickleback fish

A

stimulus for attack behavior is red underside of an intruder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

migration

A

regular, long-distance change in location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

during migration, animals orient themselves using their position relative to

A
  • the sun - use circadian clock
  • the North star
  • Earth’s magnetic field
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

circadian rhythm

A

daily cycle of rest and activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are behaviors such as migration and reproduction linked to

A

changing seasons, or circannual rhythm
- periods of daylight/darkness common in seasonal cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

lunar cycles

A

affect tidal movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

signal

A

stimulus transmitted from one organism to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

communication

A

transmission and reception of signals between animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how do animals communicate

A

visual, chemical, tactile, and auditory signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3-step stimulus response chain of fruit fly courtship

A
  1. male identifies female of same species and orients toward her - visual (sees) and chemical (smells) communication
  2. male alerts female of his presence - tactile (touches)
  3. male produces courtship song to inform the female of his species - auditory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how do honeybees show complex communication

A

symbolic language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

waggle dance of bee returning from field

A

communicates info about distance and direction of a food source
- angle of straight run of dance relative to vertical surface of hive indicates direction
- length of straight run and number of abdominal waggles shows distance to food
- if food less than 50 m away, bee moves in tight circles while moving abdomen side to side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do animals that communicated through odors/tastes emit

A

chemical substances called pheromones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

innate behavior

A

developmentally fixed and doesn’t vary among ind.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cross-fostering study

A

places young from one species in care of adults from another species in similar environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
twin studies
allow researchers to compare relative influences of genetics and environment on behavior
26
learning
modification of behavior based on the specific experiences
27
does nature or nurture shape learning and behavior?
both
28
imprinting
establishment of long-lasting behavioral response to a particular ind. or object
29
when can imprinting take place
sensitive period - during specific time in development
30
sensitive period in gulls
1-2 days, offspring and parents must bond or parent will reject offspring
31
waterfowl and mothers
identify with first object they encounter that has key characteristics
32
spatial learning
establishment of a memory that reflects the environment's spatial structure
33
spatial learning of digger wasps
use landmarks to find nest entrances
34
cognitive map
internal representation of spatial relationships between objects in an animal's surroundings
35
cognitive map of clark's nutcrackers
can find food hidden in caches located halfway between particular landmarks
36
associative learning
animals associate one feature of their environment with another
37
associative learning and blue jay
Will avoid eating monarchs and similar-looking butterflies after distasteful monarch butterfly
38
classical conditioning
type of associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward or punishment
39
ex. of classical conditioning
dog that repeatedly hears a bell before being fed will salivate in response to sound of bell in anticipation of a meal
40
operant conditioning
type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment
41
what is operant conditioning also called
trial-and-error learning
42
rats and operant conditioning
rat fed after pushing lever will learn to push the lever in order to receive food
43
cognition
process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment
44
honeybees and cognition example
can distinguish same from different and distinguish between human faces
45
problem solving
cognitive activity of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle
46
chimpanzees and problem solving
can stack boxes in order to reach suspended food
47
birds (corvids) and problem solving
ravens can obtain food suspended by string by pulling up the string
48
how does the development of some behaviors occur
in distinct stages over time
49
social learning
learning through observation of others
50
chimpanzees and social learning
young chimpanzees learn to crack palm nuts with stones by copying experienced chimpanzees
51
culture
system of information transfer through observation or teaching that influences behavior of ind. in a population - can alter behavior and fitness
52
what does behavior enhance in a population
survival and reproductive success
53
what does natural selection do
refine behaviors that enhance efficiency of feeding
54
foraging
food-obtaining behavior - recognizing, searching, capturing, and eating
55
optimal foraging model
views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food
56
costs of obtaining food
- energy expenditure - risk of being eaten while foraging (predation)
57
shore crabs and eating different sized mussels - obtaining food costs
- intermediate muscles - highest rate of energy return - larger mussels - more energy but take longer to open - smaller muscles - easier to open but yield less energy
58
what plays a role in determining reproductive success
mating behavior and mate choice
59
what does mating behavior include
- seeking/attracting mates - choosing among potential mates - competing for mates - caring for offspring
60
different types of mating
- promiscuous - monogamous - polygamous
61
promiscuous mating
no strong pair-bonds
62
monogamous mating
one male mates with one female - males/females have similar external morphologies
63
polygamous mating
ind. of one sex mates with several ind. of other sex
64
species with polygamous mating are usually...
sexually dimorphic - have different external morphologies
65
2 types of polygamous relationships
1. polygynous 2. polyandrous
66
polygyny
one male mate with many females - males usually more showy/larger
67
polyandry
one female mates with many males - females more showy
68
how does male maximize reproductive success with monogamy - species that need continuous feeding
by staying with his mate and caring for his chicks
69
how does male maximize reproductive success with polygyny - chicks soon able to feed and care for themselves
male seeks additional mates
70
what does sexual dimorphism result from
sexual selection
71
sexual selection
form of natural selection in which differences in reproductive success result from differences in mating success
72
intersexual selection
members of one sex choose mates on the basis of certain traits
73
intrasexual selection
competition between members of same sex for mates
74
mate choice by females
- intersexual selection - can drive sexual selection by choosing males w/ specific behaviors/features of anatomy - ornaments often correlate with health and vitality
75
what can mate choice also be influenced by
imprinting
76
mate-choice copying
behavior in which ind. copy mate choice of others - can increase attractiveness of offspring to opposite sex
77
what can male competition for mates involve
agonistic behavior - ritualized context that determines which competitor gains access to a resource
78
game theory
evaluates alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends on the strategies of all ind. involved
79
ex. of game theory
- each side-blotched lizard - blue, orange, or yellow throat, each has specific strategy - orange - most aggressive, defend large territories - blue - defend small territories - yellow - nonterritorial, mimic females, sneaky strategies to mate
80
how can master regularly genes control many behaviors
by directing expression and activity of many genes with. narrower functions
81
what does the expression of the receptor gene for ADH (vasopressin) determine
which behavioral pattern develops
82
altruism
ind. that behave in ways that reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of others
83
ex. of altruism
- Belding's ground squirrel will make an alarm call to others when predator arrives, even though they might get killed - naked mole rat - nonreproductive ind. may sacrifice lives by protecting reproductive queen and kings
84
inclusive fitness
total effect an ind. has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring
85
what is evolution of altruistic behavior explained by
inclusive fitness
86
reciprocal altruism
altruistic behavior toward unrelated ind. if aided ind. returns favor in future - limited to species with stable social groups

Biology II (43 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions