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Biology II > ch. 43 part 1 > Flashcards

ch. 43 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen

A

any agent that causes disease and infects a wide range of animals (including humans)

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2
Q

ex. of pathogens

A
  • parasites
  • protozoa
  • fungi
  • prokaryotes
  • viruses
  • prions
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3
Q

2 types of molecular recognition for detection of non-self molecules, particles, and cells

A
  1. innate immunity
  2. adaptive immunity
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4
Q

where is innate immunity found

A

in all animals and plants

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5
Q

innate immunity in vertebrates

A
  • first response to infection
  • foundation adaptive immunity
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6
Q

ex. of innate immunity in insects

A
  • exoskeleton made of chitin forms first barrier to pathogens
  • digestive system protected by chitin-based barrier and lysozyme (breaks down bacterial cel walls)
  • hemocytes circulate within hemolymph and carry out phagocytosis
  • immune system recognizes bacteria/fungi by structures on cell walls
  • defense against viruses based on recognition of double-stranded RNA
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7
Q

hemocyte function in insects

A
  • secrete antimicrobial peptides that disrupt the plasma membranes of fungi/bacteria
  • carry out phagocytosis in hemolymph
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8
Q

what are the innate defenses of mammals similar to?

A

those of invertebrates

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9
Q

innate defenses of mammals/invertebrates

A

barrier defenses, phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides

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10
Q

innate defenses unique to vertebrates

A
  • natural killer cells
  • interferons
  • inflammatory response
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11
Q

innate immunity definition

A

general recognition that something is foreign

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12
Q

barrier defense examples

A
  • skin and mucous membranes of respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts
  • lysozymes that break cell walls in tears, saliva, and mucous of eyes/upper respiratory tract
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13
Q

what does mucus do

A

trap and allow for removal of microbes

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14
Q

what body fluids are hostile to microbes?

A

saliva, mucus, tears

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15
Q

what do the low pH of skin and digestive system do

A

prevent growth of many bacteria

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16
Q

cellular innate defenses (mammals)

A
  • detect, devour, destroy pathogens
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17
Q

how do mammal cells recognize groups of pathogens

A

TLRs

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18
Q

TLRs - toll-like receptors

A

recognize fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens

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19
Q

2 main types of phagocytic cells in mammals

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. macrophages
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20
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytic cells that circulates in blood and destroy infected cells

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21
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytic cells that migrate through the body or reside permanently in organs/tissues

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22
Q

2 additional types of phagocytic cells

A
  1. dendritic cells
  2. eosinophils
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23
Q

dendritic cells

A

stimulate development of adaptive immunity
- populate tissues that come in contact with the environment
- migrate to lymph nodes after detecting pathogens

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24
Q

eosinophils

A

discharge destructive enzymes against parasites - multicellular invaders

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25
Q

natural killer cells

A

tumors, cancers
- circulate through body and detect abnormal cells
- release chemicals leading to cell death, inhibiting spread of virally infected/cancerous cells

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26
Q

what system do many cellular innate defenses involve

A

lymphatic system

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27
Q

how do peptides and proteins function in innate defense

A

by attacking pathogens or impeding their reproduction

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28
Q

interferon proteins

A

innate defense by interfering with viruses and helping activate macrophages
- limit cell-cell spread of viruses
- infected cells release interferons which signal other cells

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29
Q

complement system

A

causes lysis of invading cells and helps trigger inflammation

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30
Q

how many proteins make up complement system

A

30

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31
Q

complement protein process

A
  • circulate in an inactive state
  • activated by coming in contact with a pathogen
  • activation leads to pathogenic cell exploding
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32
Q

inflammatory response

A

pain and swelling brought about by molecules released upon injury or infection

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33
Q

mast cells

A

immune cells found in connective tissue

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34
Q

what do mast cells release

A

histamine

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35
Q

histamine function

A

triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable

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36
Q

activated complement proteins

A
  • promote further release of histamine
  • attract more phagocytic cells
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37
Q

what does enhanced blood flow to a site do

A

helps deliver antimicrobial peptides

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38
Q

pus

A

fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissues

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39
Q

what type of inflammation is a fever

A

systemic - triggered by substances released by macrophages in response to certain pathogens

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40
Q

types of inflammation

A

local or systemic

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41
Q

septic shock

A

life-threatening condition caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response

42
Q

how do some pathogens avoid destruction

A
  • modifying their surface to prevent recognition
  • resisting breakdown following phagocytosis
43
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae

A

major cause of pneumonia and meningitis in humans

44
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A

disease that kills more than 1 million people a year

45
Q

what does adaptive immunity rely on

A

2 types of lymphocytes (white blood cells):
1. T cells
2. B cells

46
Q

lymphocytes that mature in the thymus

A

T cells

47
Q

lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow

A

B cells

48
Q

antigens

A

substances that can elicit a response from a B or T cell

49
Q

how to T/B cells bind to antigens

A

via antigen receptors
- specific to part of one molecule of that pathogen

50
Q

epitope

A

small, accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor

51
Q

what is each individual B/T cell specialized to recognize?

A

epitope on a specific antigen

52
Q

B cell antigen receptors

A

Y-shaped molecule w/ 2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains

53
Q

constant (C) regions or chains on B cells

A

vary little

54
Q

variable (V) regions on B cells

A

different greatly
- provide antigens specificity

55
Q

how are B cells activated?

A

when paratope on variable region of antigen receptor binds to the epitope on the antigen

56
Q

antibody/immunoglobulin

A

soluble form of the protein secreted by cells

57
Q

3 functions of complement system

A
  1. opsonization
  2. membrane attack complex
  3. enhance inflammation
58
Q

difference between antibodies and antigen receptors

A
  • antibodies: same Y shape but are secreted
  • antigen receptors: membrane-bound
59
Q

composition of T cell receptor

A

2 different polypeptide chains (a and B)
- tips of chains form variable region, rest is constant region

60
Q

where do T cells bind

A

to epitope of antigen fragments displayed/presented on host cell

61
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

A

cell-surface proteins that are bound to antigen fragments
- host proteins that display antigen fragments on cell surface

62
Q

how are cells infected

A
  1. bacterium engulfed by phagocytosis into a dendritic cell and is encased in a phagosome
  2. lysosomes fuse w/ phagosome and digest bacterium
  3. immunodominant epitopes are associated with MHC and presented on cell surface
63
Q

antigen presentation

A

MHC molecules bind/transport antigen fragments to cell surface

64
Q

what can a T cell bind to

A

both the antigen fragments and the MHC molecule

65
Q

4 characteristics of adaptive immune system

A
  1. immense diversity of lymphocytes and receptors
  2. self-tolerance: doesn’t react against own molecules/cells
  3. B/T cells proliferate after activation
  4. immunological memory
66
Q

how does the immune system assemble millions of different antigen receptors from a small number of parts

A

by combining variable elemnts

67
Q

what does an immunoglobulin (Ig) gene encode

A

light chain of the B cell receptor

68
Q

what can many different chains be produced from

A

the same gene by rearrangement of the V, J, and C regions

69
Q

recombinase enzyme complex

A

acts randomly to connect different V and J segments in each B cell

70
Q

rearrangement of chains/segments

A
  • permanent
  • passed on to daughter cells when lymphocyte divides
71
Q

what are rearranged genes transcribed and translated to produce

A

unique antigen receptors

72
Q

what are antigen receptors generated by

A

random rearrangement of DNA

73
Q

what are lymphocytes tested for

A

self-reactivity
- if they don’t pass the test = apoptosis (programmed cell death)

74
Q

are there a few or many lymphocytes with antigen receptors for any particular epitope?

A

few
- in lymph nodes, antigen is exposed to steady stream of lymphocytes until match is made

75
Q

what does the binding of a mature lymphocyte to an antigen initiate

A

events that activate the lymphocytes

76
Q

how many different B and T cell receptors

A
  • 1 million B
  • 20 million T
77
Q

activated lymphocytes lead to what?

A

clonal selection - clones made, become effector cells - act immediately against the antigen

78
Q

plasma cells

A

effector cells that secrete antibodies

79
Q

memory cells

A

effector cells can become memory cells that can give rise to effector cells if same antigen is encountered again

80
Q

2 types of effector B cells

A

plasma and memory

81
Q

2 types of effector T cells

A

helper and cytotoxic

82
Q

purpose of antibodies

A

tag original antigen molecules and mark them for destruction

83
Q

what is immunological memory responsible for

A

long-term protections against diseases

84
Q

primary immune response

A

first exposure to specific antigen

85
Q

secondary immune response

A

memory cells facilitate a faster, more efficient response from a reservoir of T and B memory cells

86
Q

what can defenses provided by B and T lymphocytes be divided into

A
  1. humoral immune response
  2. cell-mediated immune response
87
Q

humoral immune response

A

antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in blood and lymph
- B cells, plasma cells

88
Q

cell-mediated immune response

A

specialized T cells destroy affected host cells

89
Q

what does helper T cell activate

A
  • humoral immunity
  • cell-mediated immunity
90
Q

antigen presenting cells

A
  • class I MHC
  • class II MHC
91
Q

antigen-presenting cell

A

antigen must be displayed on surface
- binds antigen to receptor on helper T cell

92
Q

class II MHC

A

provide molecular signature by which antigen-presenting cells are recognized

93
Q

when happens when antigen receptors on the surface of helper T cells bind to the antigen and the class II MHC molecule

A

cytokine signals are exchanged between the two cells
- helper T cell is then activate

94
Q

what happens when helper T cell is activated

A

proliferates, and forms clone of helper T cells, then activates appropriate B cells

95
Q

what can antigen-presenting cells be

A

dendritic cell, macrophage, B cell

96
Q

what makes a cell an antigen presenting cell

A

class II MHC

97
Q

example of cytokines

A

interleukin-1 and interleukin 2
- allow cells to talk to each other

98
Q

is innate or adaptive immunity faster

A

innate

99
Q

TLR3

A

binds dsRNA

100
Q

TLR4

A

lipopolysaccharides found on many bacterial cells

101
Q

TLR5

A

bacterial flagella

102
Q

CD4 function

A

protein that checks out MHC 2 molecule to determine if it is actually an antigen-presenting cell

Biology II (43 decks)

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