ch. 45 part 2

Question 1

what does gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulate

Answer 1

release of FSH and LH

Question 2

what does corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulate

Answer 2

adrenocorticotropic hormone release

Question 3

what does growth hormone-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulate

Answer 3

growth hormone release

Question 4

what does thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulate

Answer 4

thyroid-stimulating hormone release

Question 5

inhibitory neurohormone from hypothalamus of growth hormone

Answer 5

somatostatin

Question 6

inhibitory neurohormone from hypothalamus of prolactin

Answer 6

dopamine

Question 7

what happens if thyroid hormone levels drop in blood

Answer 7

• hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone
• anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone
• TSH stimulates release of thyroid hormone by thyroid gland

Question 8

thyroid hormone components

Answer 8

T3 and T4

Question 9

what does thyroid hormone block

Answer 9

TRH release and TSH release - prevents overproduction of thyroid hormone

Question 10

only iodine-containing molecule synthesized in body

Answer 10

thyroid hormone

Question 11

what happens with insufficient levels of iodine

Answer 11

low levels of thyroid hormone
- pituitary continues to secrete TSH
- thyroid gland enlarges (goiter)

Question 12

goiter

Answer 12

thyroid gland enlarges because of too much TSH

Question 13

does growth hormone have tropic or nountropic effects

Answer 13

both

Question 14

major target of GH

Answer 14

liver
- responds by releasing insulin-like growth factors

Question 15

what do insulin-like growth factors released by liver and GF stimulate

Answer 15

bone and cartilage growth

Question 16

gigantism

Answer 16

excess of GH during childhood

Question 17

dwarfism (short stature)

Answer 17

lack of GH during childhood

Question 18

acromegaly

Answer 18

if high levels of GH continue from childhood to adulthood
- normally caused by tumors on pituitary

Question 19

what can dwarfism/short stature be treated with

Answer 19

GH injections as long as treatment begins before puberty ends

Question 20

what does endocrine signaling regulate

Answer 20

homeostasis, development, and behavior

Question 21

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 21

released by parathyroid glands when Ca2+ levels fall below a set point in blood

Question 22

how does PTH increase blood Ca2+ levels

Answer 22

• releases Ca2+ from bone by stimulating osteoclasts
• stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ in kidneys
• promotes production of vitamin D

Question 23

calcitonin

Answer 23

decreases level of blood Ca2+

Question 24

how does calcitonin decrease blood Ca2+

Answer 24

• stimulates Ca2+ deposition by stimulating osteoblasts in bones
• secretion by kidneys

Question 25

where is calcitonin produced

Answer 25

C-cell (parafollicular cell) of the thyroid

Question 26

vitamin D

Answer 26

fat-soluble vitamin naturally present in a few foods, added to others, available as supplement, or obtained from ultraviolet rays striking skin

Question 27

what must vitamin D obtained from sun, food, and supplements undergo

Answer 27

2 hydroxylations in body for activation - first occurs in liver, converts vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol) - second occurs in kidney, forms 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol)

Question 28

where are adrenal glands located

Answer 28

atop the kidneys

Question 29

2 glands in each adrenal gland

Answer 29

1. adrenal medulla (inner) 2. adrenal cortex (outer portion)

Question 30

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

Answer 30

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Question 31

catecholamines

Answer 31

class of compounds that include epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 32

what do catecholamines coordinate

Answer 32

set of physiological responses that comprise fight or flight response

Question 33

epinephrine and norepinephrine functions

Answer 33

- fight or flight - release of glucose/fatty acids into blood - increase oxygen delivery to body cells - direct blood toward heart, brain, skeletal muscles, away from skin, digestive system, kidneys

Question 34

where does epinephrine bind in liver cells

Answer 34

receptor that activates protein kinase A, which regulates glycogen metabolism

Question 35

what does epinephrine do in smooth muscle cells lining blood vessels that supply skeletal muscle

Answer 35

leads to vasodilation increasing blood supply

Question 36

what does epinephrine do in smooth muscle cells lining blood vessels that supply intestines

Answer 36

leads to vasoconstriction, reducing blood flow

Question 37

when does the adrenal cortex become active

Answer 37

under stressful conditions: - low blood sugar - decreased blood volume and pressure - shock

Question 38

what does the adrenal cortex produce

Answer 38

family of steroids called corticosteroids

Question 39

2 types of corticosteroids in humans

Answer 39

- glucocorticoids - mineralocorticoids

Question 40

ex. of glucocorticoids

Answer 40

cortisol

Question 41

glucocorticoids function

Answer 41

influence glucose metabolism and immune system

Question 42

cortisol function

Answer 42

synthesis of glucose form non-carbohydrates, suppresses immune system

Question 43

ex. of mineralocorticoid

Answer 43

aldosterone

Question 44

mineralocorticoid function

Answer 44

salt and water balance

Question 45

where are most of the sex hormones produced

Answer 45

gonads: testes and ovaries

Question 46

3 sex hormones

Answer 46

androgens, estrogens, progesterone - all 3 found in both males and females

Question 47

what do testes primarily synthesize

Answer 47

androgens (mainly testosterone)

Question 48

androgens

Answer 48

promote development of male reproductive structures

Question 49

testosterone

Answer 49

male secondary sex characteristics: - penis - scrotum - hair - aggression - musculature

Question 50

estrogens (most importantly estradiol)

Answer 50

- maintenance of female reproductive system - female secondary sex characteristics

Question 51

female secondary sex characteristics

Answer 51

- lack of body hair - thicker hair on head - rounded hips/figure - decreased ability to generate muscle mass at fast rate - decreased upper body strength - breasts - ability to nurse children - menstrual cycle - increased body fat composition

Question 52

progesterone in mammals

Answer 52

preparing and maintaining uterus

Question 53

what is synthesis of sex hormones controlled by

Answer 53

gonadotropins

Question 54

gonadotropins

Answer 54

follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Question 55

what is gonadotropin secretion controlled by

Answer 55

gonadotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus

Question 56

diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Answer 56

synthetic estrogen prescribed to some pregnant women at risk for complications from 1938-1971 - endocrine disruptor

Question 57

what are daughters of women treated with DES at higher risk for

Answer 57

reproductive abnormalities: - miscarriage - structural changes - cervical/vaginal cancers

Question 58

endocrine disruptor

Answer 58

molecule that interrupts normal function of hormone pathway

Question 59

where is pineal gland located

Answer 59

brain

Question 60

what does the pineal gland secrete

Answer 60

melatonin

Question 61

primary functions of melatonin

Answer 61

biological rhythms associated with reproduction and daily activity levels

Question 62

what is release of melatonin by pineal gland controlled by

Answer 62

group of neurons in hypothalamus called suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 63

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Answer 63

group of peptide hormones produced by skin, pituitary gland, and hypothalamus

Question 64

MSH function in amphibians, fish, and reptiles

Answer 64

controls pigment distribution in melanocytes

Question 65

MSH function in mammals

Answer 65

- hunger - metabolism - coloration