Biology II > ch. 34 phylum cordata > Flashcards

ch. 34 phylum cordata Flashcards

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1
Q

subphylum of phylum cordata

A
  • subphylum vertebrata
  • subphylum eurochordata
  • subphylum cephalochordata
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2
Q

4 main characteristics of chordates

A
  1. notochord
  2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  3. pharyngeal slits/clefts
  4. muscular, post-anal tail
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3
Q

notochord

A

longitudinal, flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord
- provides skeletal support

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4
Q

dorsal, hollow nerve chord

A
  • nerve chord of embryo develops from plate of ectoderm that rolls into tube dorsal to notochord
  • develops into central nervous system
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5
Q

pharyngeal slits/clefts

A
  • grooves form along outer surface of pharynx
  • clefts develop into slits that then open to outside of the body
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6
Q

function of pharyngeal slits

A
  • suspension feeding for invertebrate chordates
  • gas exchange in vertebrates (except tetrapods)
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7
Q

tetrapods

A

vertebrates with limbs

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8
Q

tetra

A

four

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9
Q

pod

A

foot

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10
Q

where do pharyngeal slits develop for tetrapods

A

parts of the ear, head, and neck

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11
Q

muscular, post-anal tail

A
  • tail can be greatly reduced during embryonic development
  • contains skeletal/muscular elements
  • provides propelling force in aquatic species
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12
Q

ex. of subphylum cephalochordata

A

lancelets
- blade-like shape

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13
Q

ex. of subphylum urochordata

A

tunicates

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14
Q

characteristics of subphylum cephalocordata

A
  • marine
  • filter/suspension feeders
  • sessile but can burrow and swim
  • gas exchange across body surface
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15
Q

subphylum Urochordata characteristics

A
  • filter feeds (incurrent/excurrent siphons)
  • adults sessile w/ only pharyngeal slits
  • tadpoles/larvae have all 4 characteristics
  • complete gut
  • open/rudimentary circulatory system
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16
Q

what are subphylum Urochordata animals enclosed in

A

tunic

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17
Q

subphylum Urochordata sexuality

A

hermaphroditic

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18
Q

feeding of subphylum Urochordata

A

draws water in through incurrent siphon, filters out food particles, shoots water through excurrent siphon when attacked

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19
Q

classes of subphylum vertebrata

A
  • petromyzontid
  • myxini
  • chondrichthye
  • aetinopterygii
  • actinistia
  • dipnoi
  • amphibia
  • reptilia
  • aves
  • mammalia
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20
Q

ex. of petromyzontid

A

lamprey

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21
Q

ex. of myxini

A

hagfish

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22
Q

ex. of chondrichthye

A

sharks, rays

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23
Q

ex. of actinopterygii

A

ray-finned

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24
Q

ex. of actinistia

A

lobed-finned

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25
ex. of dipnoi
lungfish
26
ex. of amphibia
frogs
27
ex. of reptilia
lizards
28
ex. of aves
birds
29
ex. of mammalia
humans
30
how many sets of Hox genes do vertebrata have
2+ sets
31
how many sets of Hox genes do lancelets and tunicates have
1
32
vertebrae
enclose spinal cord and take over mechanical roles of notochord
33
neural crest
cell that appear along edges of closing neural tube of embryo
34
what does the neural crest give rise to?
anatomical structures unique to vertebrates
35
endoskeleton of vertebrates
cartilage or bone - most also have 2 pairs of appendages
36
internal organs of vertebrates
liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, heart w/ at least 2 chambers
37
what organ is unique to vertebrates
liver
38
what organs are more complex than analogous structures in other taxa
heart, kidneys, endocrine system
39
hagfishes and lampreys common trait
- lack backbone, but have rudimentary vertebrae
40
class petromyzontida characteristic
- jawless vertebrates - marine/freshwater - some parasites, some free-living - notochord and cartilaginous skeleton
41
class myxini characteristics
- jawless vertebrates - cartilaginous skull and flexible rod of cartilage derived from notochord - small brain, eyes, ears, nasal opening, tooth-like formations - marine and bottom dwellers - produce slime
42
why do hagfishes produce slime
to repel competitors and predators
43
ex. of class chondricthyes
sharks, skates, rays
44
skeleton in chondricthyes
composed of flexible cartilage
45
characteristics of chondricthyes
- streamlined body and swift swimmer - continual swimming - short digestive tract - acute senses - internal fertilization of eggs
46
dorsal fins function in chondricthyes
stabilizers
47
pectoral and pelvic fins function in chondricthyes
maneuvering
48
why must sharks always be swimming
- to maintain continuous flow of water over gills - will sink when they stop - maintain buoyancy and breathing
49
feeding of sharks
largest are suspension feeders, but most carnivores
50
digestive tract of sharks
short with spiral valve that increases surface area and slows the passage of food
51
how are shark eggs fertilized?
internally, but embryos can develop in different ways
52
oviparous
eggs hatch outside the mother's body
53
ovoviviparous
eggs are retained within oviduct, young are born after hatching within uterus
54
viviparous
embryo develops within uterus and is nourished from the mother's blood through a yolk sac placenta
55
cloaca in sharks
reproductive tract, excretory system, and digestive tract empty into the cloaca - common chamber with opening to the outside
56
circulatory system of sharks
2 chambered heart - single circulation
57
lateral line
pressure wave detection - like an ear
58
rays
- bottom dwellers - feed on molluscs and crustaceans - flattened, have enlarged pectoral fins (water wings) - whiplike tails, some with venomous barbs
59
how do most fish breathe
by drawing water over gills protected by an operculum
60
how do fish control buoyancy
with air sac called swim bladder
61
do fish have a lateral line system?
yes
62
reproduction of most fish
oviparous, some have internal fertilization and birthing
63
ex. of actinopterygii
ray-finned fish
64
actinopterygii characteristics
- long, flexible rays modified for maneuvering, defense, and other functions - have been harvested for years by humans - negatively impacted by dams
65
how are ray-finned fish negatively impacted by dams
change water flow patterns, affect prey capture, migration, and spawning
66
ex. of class actinistia
lobed-finned fish - coelacanths
67
what species of fish was thought to have become extinct 75 million years ago?
coelacanths - but then one was caught
68
characteristics of actinisita
- special joint in skull gives powerful bite - swim bladder filled with oil instead of gas
69
ex. of class dipnoi
lungfish
70
characteristics of class dipnoi
- live in oxygen-poor freshwater - gills/lungs - will suffocate if unable to breath air - can aestivate in mud
71
tetrapod charcteristics
- 4 limbs and feet w/ digits - neck for movement of head - fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone - no gills (mostly) - ears for airborne sounds
72
how many species of amphibians
6,150 species in 3 clades
73
3 clades of class amphibia
1. caudata 2. anura 3. apoda
74
clade caudata
- tailed ones - salamanders - some aquatic, some land - pedomorphosis
75
clade anura
- tail-less ones - frogs - powerful hind legs for locomotion on land - carnivorous adults, herbivorous larva
76
clade apoda
- legless ones - gymnophiona - nearly blind - uterine milk nourishes young inside mother's body
77
buccal pumping in amphibians
forces air into lungs
78
how many chambers are in the heart of an amphibian
3
79
what is metamorphosis regulated by in amphibians?
thyroid hormones
80
what type of birth do amphibians have
all 3
81
paedomorphosis
alternative process to metamorphosis in which adults retain larval traits at adult stage - newts and salamanders - larvae reach sexual maturity without losing their gills
82
toads
frogs with leathery skin
83
what does amphibian mean?
both ways of life - metamorphosis of aquatic larva to terrestrial adult
84
why do most amphibians have moist skin
to complement lungs in gas exchange
85
fertilization of most amphibians
- external - eggs require moist environment
86
amniotes
group of tetrapods whose living members are the reptiles (including birds and mammals)
87
characteristics of amniotes
- 4 extraembryonic membranes - eggs have shell - impermeable skin - water-conserving kidneys - thoracic breathing
88
4 extraembryonic membranes
1. amnion 2. yolk sac 3. allantois 4. chorion
89
amnion
protects embryo in amniotic cavity
90
yolk sac
yolk
91
allantois
disposal of wastes
92
chorion
with allantois for gas exchange
93
thoracic breathing in amniotes
negative pressure sucks air in
94
ex. of reptiles
tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, some extinct groups
95
characteristics of reptiles
- scales that create waterproof barrier - lay shelled eggs on land - internal fertilization - ectothermic
96
ectothermic
absorb external head as main source of body heat - regulate body temp through behavioral adaptations
97
orders of class reptilia
- crocodilia - chelonia - squamata - rynocheocephalia
98
order rynocheocephalia characteristics
- tuataras- small islands off coast of New Zealand - threatened by introduced rats that consume their eggs - 2 species - beak/snout head - no external ears like lizards - active at cooler temperatures
99
order squamata
- lizards and snakes - lizards have moveable eyelids and external ears - snakes have kinetic skull, chemical sensors, heat-detecting organs, venom
100
order chelonia
- turtles, tortoises, terrapins - lack of holes in skull behind eye socket - hard protective shell - vertebrae/ribs fused to shell - lack teeth but have sharp beak
101
order crocodilia
- alligators/crocodiles - restricted to warm regions - 4 chambered heart - teeth in sockets - care for young
102
class aves characteristics
- feathers - air sacs - efficient breathing - reduction of organs - lightweight skeleton - internal fertilization (oviparous) - warm body temp - double circulation - active vision - most carnivores - eggs brooded - complex courtship
103
feathers
modified scales to keep birds warm and enable flight
104
reduction of organs in birds
single ovary, no urinary bladder
105
lightweight skeleton in birds
thin, hollow, honeycombed - sternum to anchor flight muscles, no teeth
106
mammalia characteristics
- mammary glands - hair and subdermal fat - kidneys - endothermy - efficient cardiovascular/respiratory - parental care - differentiated teeth
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