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Biology II > ch. 34 phylum cordata > Flashcards

ch. 34 phylum cordata Flashcards

1
Q

subphylum of phylum cordata

A
  • subphylum vertebrata
  • subphylum eurochordata
  • subphylum cephalochordata
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2
Q

4 main characteristics of chordates

A
  1. notochord
  2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  3. pharyngeal slits/clefts
  4. muscular, post-anal tail
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3
Q

notochord

A

longitudinal, flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord
- provides skeletal support

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4
Q

dorsal, hollow nerve chord

A
  • nerve chord of embryo develops from plate of ectoderm that rolls into tube dorsal to notochord
  • develops into central nervous system
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5
Q

pharyngeal slits/clefts

A
  • grooves form along outer surface of pharynx
  • clefts develop into slits that then open to outside of the body
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6
Q

function of pharyngeal slits

A
  • suspension feeding for invertebrate chordates
  • gas exchange in vertebrates (except tetrapods)
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7
Q

tetrapods

A

vertebrates with limbs

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8
Q

tetra

A

four

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9
Q

pod

A

foot

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10
Q

where do pharyngeal slits develop for tetrapods

A

parts of the ear, head, and neck

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11
Q

muscular, post-anal tail

A
  • tail can be greatly reduced during embryonic development
  • contains skeletal/muscular elements
  • provides propelling force in aquatic species
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12
Q

ex. of subphylum cephalochordata

A

lancelets
- blade-like shape

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13
Q

ex. of subphylum urochordata

A

tunicates

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14
Q

characteristics of subphylum cephalocordata

A
  • marine
  • filter/suspension feeders
  • sessile but can burrow and swim
  • gas exchange across body surface
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15
Q

subphylum Urochordata characteristics

A
  • filter feeds (incurrent/excurrent siphons)
  • adults sessile w/ only pharyngeal slits
  • tadpoles/larvae have all 4 characteristics
  • complete gut
  • open/rudimentary circulatory system
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16
Q

what are subphylum Urochordata animals enclosed in

A

tunic

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17
Q

subphylum Urochordata sexuality

A

hermaphroditic

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18
Q

feeding of subphylum Urochordata

A

draws water in through incurrent siphon, filters out food particles, shoots water through excurrent siphon when attacked

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19
Q

classes of subphylum vertebrata

A
  • petromyzontid
  • myxini
  • chondrichthye
  • aetinopterygii
  • actinistia
  • dipnoi
  • amphibia
  • reptilia
  • aves
  • mammalia
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20
Q

ex. of petromyzontid

A

lamprey

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21
Q

ex. of myxini

A

hagfish

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22
Q

ex. of chondrichthye

A

sharks, rays

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23
Q

ex. of actinopterygii

A

ray-finned

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24
Q

ex. of actinistia

A

lobed-finned

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25
Q

ex. of dipnoi

A

lungfish

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26
Q

ex. of amphibia

A

frogs

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27
Q

ex. of reptilia

A

lizards

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28
Q

ex. of aves

A

birds

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29
Q

ex. of mammalia

A

humans

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30
Q

how many sets of Hox genes do vertebrata have

A

2+ sets

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31
Q

how many sets of Hox genes do lancelets and tunicates have

A

1

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32
Q

vertebrae

A

enclose spinal cord and take over mechanical roles of notochord

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33
Q

neural crest

A

cell that appear along edges of closing neural tube of embryo

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34
Q

what does the neural crest give rise to?

A

anatomical structures unique to vertebrates

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35
Q

endoskeleton of vertebrates

A

cartilage or bone - most also have 2 pairs of appendages

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36
Q

internal organs of vertebrates

A

liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, heart w/ at least 2 chambers

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37
Q

what organ is unique to vertebrates

A

liver

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38
Q

what organs are more complex than analogous structures in other taxa

A

heart, kidneys, endocrine system

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39
Q

hagfishes and lampreys common trait

A
  • lack backbone, but have rudimentary vertebrae
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40
Q

class petromyzontida characteristic

A
  • jawless vertebrates
  • marine/freshwater
  • some parasites, some free-living
  • notochord and cartilaginous skeleton
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41
Q

class myxini characteristics

A
  • jawless vertebrates
  • cartilaginous skull and flexible rod of cartilage derived from notochord
  • small brain, eyes, ears, nasal opening, tooth-like formations
  • marine and bottom dwellers
  • produce slime
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42
Q

why do hagfishes produce slime

A

to repel competitors and predators

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43
Q

ex. of class chondricthyes

A

sharks, skates, rays

44
Q

skeleton in chondricthyes

A

composed of flexible cartilage

45
Q

characteristics of chondricthyes

A
  • streamlined body and swift swimmer
  • continual swimming
  • short digestive tract
  • acute senses
  • internal fertilization of eggs
46
Q

dorsal fins function in chondricthyes

A

stabilizers

47
Q

pectoral and pelvic fins function in chondricthyes

A

maneuvering

48
Q

why must sharks always be swimming

A
  • to maintain continuous flow of water over gills
  • will sink when they stop
  • maintain buoyancy and breathing
49
Q

feeding of sharks

A

largest are suspension feeders, but most carnivores

50
Q

digestive tract of sharks

A

short with spiral valve that increases surface area and slows the passage of food

51
Q

how are shark eggs fertilized?

A

internally, but embryos can develop in different ways

52
Q

oviparous

A

eggs hatch outside the mother’s body

53
Q

ovoviviparous

A

eggs are retained within oviduct, young are born after hatching within uterus

54
Q

viviparous

A

embryo develops within uterus and is nourished from the mother’s blood through a yolk sac placenta

55
Q

cloaca in sharks

A

reproductive tract, excretory system, and digestive tract empty into the cloaca
- common chamber with opening to the outside

56
Q

circulatory system of sharks

A

2 chambered heart - single circulation

57
Q

lateral line

A

pressure wave detection
- like an ear

58
Q

rays

A
  • bottom dwellers
  • feed on molluscs and crustaceans
  • flattened, have enlarged pectoral fins (water wings)
  • whiplike tails, some with venomous barbs
59
Q

how do most fish breathe

A

by drawing water over gills protected by an operculum

60
Q

how do fish control buoyancy

A

with air sac called swim bladder

61
Q

do fish have a lateral line system?

A

yes

62
Q

reproduction of most fish

A

oviparous, some have internal fertilization and birthing

63
Q

ex. of actinopterygii

A

ray-finned fish

64
Q

actinopterygii characteristics

A
  • long, flexible rays modified for maneuvering, defense, and other functions
  • have been harvested for years by humans
  • negatively impacted by dams
65
Q

how are ray-finned fish negatively impacted by dams

A

change water flow patterns, affect prey capture, migration, and spawning

66
Q

ex. of class actinistia

A

lobed-finned fish - coelacanths

67
Q

what species of fish was thought to have become extinct 75 million years ago?

A

coelacanths - but then one was caught

68
Q

characteristics of actinisita

A
  • special joint in skull gives powerful bite
  • swim bladder filled with oil instead of gas
69
Q

ex. of class dipnoi

A

lungfish

70
Q

characteristics of class dipnoi

A
  • live in oxygen-poor freshwater
  • gills/lungs
  • will suffocate if unable to breath air
  • can aestivate in mud
71
Q

tetrapod charcteristics

A
  • 4 limbs and feet w/ digits
  • neck for movement of head
  • fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone
  • no gills (mostly)
  • ears for airborne sounds
72
Q

how many species of amphibians

A

6,150 species in 3 clades

73
Q

3 clades of class amphibia

A
  1. caudata
  2. anura
  3. apoda
74
Q

clade caudata

A
  • tailed ones
  • salamanders
  • some aquatic, some land
  • pedomorphosis
75
Q

clade anura

A
  • tail-less ones
  • frogs
  • powerful hind legs for locomotion on land
  • carnivorous adults, herbivorous larva
76
Q

clade apoda

A
  • legless ones
  • gymnophiona
  • nearly blind
  • uterine milk nourishes young inside mother’s body
77
Q

buccal pumping in amphibians

A

forces air into lungs

78
Q

how many chambers are in the heart of an amphibian

A

3

79
Q

what is metamorphosis regulated by in amphibians?

A

thyroid hormones

80
Q

what type of birth do amphibians have

A

all 3

81
Q

paedomorphosis

A

alternative process to metamorphosis in which adults retain larval traits at adult stage
- newts and salamanders
- larvae reach sexual maturity without losing their gills

82
Q

toads

A

frogs with leathery skin

83
Q

what does amphibian mean?

A

both ways of life
- metamorphosis of aquatic larva to terrestrial adult

84
Q

why do most amphibians have moist skin

A

to complement lungs in gas exchange

85
Q

fertilization of most amphibians

A
  • external
  • eggs require moist environment
86
Q

amniotes

A

group of tetrapods whose living members are the reptiles (including birds and mammals)

87
Q

characteristics of amniotes

A
  • 4 extraembryonic membranes
  • eggs have shell
  • impermeable skin
  • water-conserving kidneys
  • thoracic breathing
88
Q

4 extraembryonic membranes

A
  1. amnion
  2. yolk sac
  3. allantois
  4. chorion
89
Q

amnion

A

protects embryo in amniotic cavity

90
Q

yolk sac

A

yolk

91
Q

allantois

A

disposal of wastes

92
Q

chorion

A

with allantois for gas exchange

93
Q

thoracic breathing in amniotes

A

negative pressure sucks air in

94
Q

ex. of reptiles

A

tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, some extinct groups

95
Q

characteristics of reptiles

A
  • scales that create waterproof barrier
  • lay shelled eggs on land
  • internal fertilization
  • ectothermic
96
Q

ectothermic

A

absorb external head as main source of body heat
- regulate body temp through behavioral adaptations

97
Q

orders of class reptilia

A
  • crocodilia
  • chelonia
  • squamata
  • rynocheocephalia
98
Q

order rynocheocephalia characteristics

A
  • tuataras- small islands off coast of New Zealand
  • threatened by introduced rats that consume their eggs
  • 2 species
  • beak/snout head
  • no external ears like lizards
  • active at cooler temperatures
99
Q

order squamata

A
  • lizards and snakes
  • lizards have moveable eyelids and external ears
  • snakes have kinetic skull, chemical sensors, heat-detecting organs, venom
100
Q

order chelonia

A
  • turtles, tortoises, terrapins
  • lack of holes in skull behind eye socket
  • hard protective shell
  • vertebrae/ribs fused to shell
  • lack teeth but have sharp beak
101
Q

order crocodilia

A
  • alligators/crocodiles
  • restricted to warm regions
  • 4 chambered heart
  • teeth in sockets
  • care for young
102
Q

class aves characteristics

A
  • feathers
  • air sacs - efficient breathing
  • reduction of organs
  • lightweight skeleton
  • internal fertilization (oviparous)
  • warm body temp
  • double circulation
  • active vision
  • most carnivores
  • eggs brooded
  • complex courtship
103
Q

feathers

A

modified scales to keep birds warm and enable flight

104
Q

reduction of organs in birds

A

single ovary, no urinary bladder

105
Q

lightweight skeleton in birds

A

thin, hollow, honeycombed
- sternum to anchor flight muscles, no teeth

106
Q

mammalia characteristics

A
  • mammary glands
  • hair and subdermal fat
  • kidneys
  • endothermy
  • efficient cardiovascular/respiratory
  • parental care
  • differentiated teeth

Biology II (43 decks)

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