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Biology II > ch. 39 pt. 2 > Flashcards

ch. 39 pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

auxin acronym

A

ELF TV FAD GP
- elongation, leaf venation, fruit development, tropism, vascular cambium, female gametophyte organization, adventitious roots, apical dominance, gene expression, phyllotaxy

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2
Q

cytokinins acronym

A

DDANG
- division, apical dominance, anti-aging, nutrients to sinks, germination of seed

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3
Q

gibberellins acronym

A

GEFS JP
- germination, elongation, fruit development, sex determination, juvenile to adult, pollen development/tube

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4
Q

abscisic acid acronym

A

SSDD
- slows growth, stomatal closure, seed dormancy, drought tolerance

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5
Q

ethylene acronym

A

SSHAF
- stress, senescence, leaf abscission, fruit ripening

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6
Q

what are some of effects of gibberellins

A
  • stem elongation
  • fruit development
  • seed germination
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7
Q

where are gibberellins produced?

A

in young roots and leaves

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8
Q

how do gibberellins stimulate the growth of leaves/stems?

A

enhancing cell elongation and cell division

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9
Q

bolting

A

rapid growth of the floral stalk induced by gibberellins

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10
Q

hormones necessary for fruit development

A

auxin and gibberellins

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11
Q

what signals the seed to germinate?

A

release of gibberellins from the embryo after water is imbibed

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12
Q

how does abscisic acid slow growth?

A

antagonizing actions of growth hormones

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13
Q

what does seed dormancy increase the likelihood of

A

that a seed will germinate only in optimal condiitons

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14
Q

when do many dormant seeds germinate?

A

when ABA is removed/inactivated

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15
Q

what affects whether seeds will break dormancy?

A

ratio of ABA to gibberellins

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16
Q

what can precocious (early germination be caused by

A

inactive or low levels of ABA

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17
Q

what happens when ABA accumulates in leaves?

A

stomata close rapidly

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18
Q

early warning system

A

transport of ABA from water-stressed root systems to leaves

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19
Q

abiotic stress

A

heat, cold, drought, salt, metals, flooding
- primary metabolites
- plant development

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20
Q

biotic stress

A

pathogen attack, insect attack, herbivore attack
- phytohormones
- plant defense

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21
Q

when is ethylene produced?

A

when the plant experiences stress
- drought, flooding, mechanical pressure, injury, infection

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22
Q

effects of ethylene

A
  • senescence
  • leaf abscission
  • fruit ripening
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23
Q

triple response to mechanical stress

A
  • ethylene produced when seedling tip pushes against obstacle
  • stem elongation slowed, stem thickens, stem grows horizontally
  • vertical growth resumes when effects wear off
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24
Q

senescence

A

programmed death of certain cells/organs/plants
- burst of ethylene associated with onset of apoptosis

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25
leaf abscission
change in balance of auxin and ethylene stimulates process of leaf falling (autumn)
26
what happens when ethylene triggers fruit ripening
ripening triggers more relate of ethylene
27
how can fruit produces control ripening
by picking green fruit and controlling ethylene levels
28
photomorphogenesis
response to light
29
what qualities of light to plants detect?
presence, direction, intensity, wavelength (color)
30
2 major classes of light receptors
1. blue-light photoreceptors 2. phytochromes
31
what plant responses does blue light initiate?
- hypocotyl elongation - stomatal opening - phototropism
32
phototropin
protein kinase involved in mediating plant responses to blue light
33
phytochromes
pigments that regulate many of plant's responses to light throughout its life
34
what are phytochrome responsible for?
- de-etiolation - seed germination - shade avoidance
35
when do seeds remain dormant until?
until light and other conditions are near optimal
36
effects of red light
increase germination - activates phytochrome
37
effects of far-red light
inhibits germination - inactivates phytochrome
38
are the effects of red and far-red light reversible?
yes
39
what kind of light exposure determines the response
final
40
what 2 states do phytochrome exist in?
2 photoreversible states: P(r) to P(fr) triggers developmental repsonses
41
what conversion does red light trigger?
P(r) to P(fr) - faster Pr is inactive, Pfr is active
42
what conversion does far-red light trigger?
P(fr) to P(r) - slower
43
what does sunlight increase the ratio of?
P(fr) to P(r) - contains both red and far-red light - triggers germination
44
what do leaves in a canopy absorb?
red light, allow far-red light to pass through to shaded plants below
45
shade avoidance
when a tree is shade, the phytochrome ratio shifts in favor of P(r), inducing vertical growth
46
what do plant processes oscillate during the day in response to?
light and temperature changes
47
what do many processes oscillate with a frequency of?
24 hours - even under constant environmental conditions
48
photoperiod
relative lengths of night and day - environmental stimulus plants use to detect time of year
49
photoperiodism
physiological response to photoperiod
50
different flowering photoperiod plants
- short-day - long-day - day-neutral
51
short-day plants
plants that flower when a light period is shorter than a critical length
52
long-day plants
plants that flower when a light period is longer than a certain number of hours
53
day-neutral plants
controlled by plant maturity, not photoperiodf
54
is flowering controlled by night length or day length
night length
55
what are short-day plants governed by
whether critical night length sets a minimum number of hours of darkness
56
what are long-day plants governed by
whether critical night length sets maximum number of hours of darkness
57
gravitropsim
response to gravity
58
what kind of gravitropism do roots show
positive
59
what kind of gravitropism do shoots show
negative
60
statoliths
dense cytoplasmic components settle in response to gravity
61
thigmomorphogenesis
changes in form that result from mechanical disturbance
62
thigmotropism
growth in response to touch
63
where does thigmotropism occur
vines and other climbing plants
64
what does the touch response result from
action potentials - transmission of electrical impulses
65
what happens when water loss by transpiration exceeds water absorption?
plants may wilt or die
66
how do plants reduce transpiration during drought?
- closing stomata - reducing exposed surface area - shedding leaves
67
what does waterlogged soil lack?
the air spaces needed to provide oxygen for cellular respiration in roots
68
what does the enzymatic destruction of root cortex cells create?
air tubes that help plants survive oxygen deprivation during flooding
69
what do some plants, like mangroves, produce in response to flooding?
aerial roots
70
salt and water potential of soil
- lower water potential of soil and reduces water uptake
71
how to plants respond to salt stress?
producing solutes tolerated at high concentrations - keeps water potential of cells more negative than that of soil solution
72
what does excessive heat do to a plant's enzymes?
denature them
73
how does transpiration cool leaves?
evaporative cooling
74
heat-shock proteins
proteins produced at temperatures above 40 degrees C to help protect other proteins from heat stress
75
what do cold temperatures do to plants
- decrease membrane fluidity - alter lipid composition of membranes
76
what does ice formation do to water potential?
reduces water potential outside cell
77
in frost-tolerant species, how do plants reduce water loss from the cell?
increase solute concentration of cytoplasm
78
antifreeze proteins
hinder formation of ice crystals
79
why to plants use defense systems?
to deter herbivory, prevent infection, combat pathogens

Biology II (43 decks)

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