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Biology II > ch. 40 > Flashcards

ch. 40 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

form

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2
Q

physiology

A

biological functions

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3
Q

what do physical laws govern

A

strength, diffusion, movement, heat exchange

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4
Q

what do properties of water limit

A

possible shapes for fast swimming animals

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5
Q

as animals increase in size, what is required?

A

thicker skeletons for support

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6
Q

how are nutrients, waste products, and gases exchanged

A

across the cell membranes

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7
Q

rate of exchange is proportional to what

A

cell’s surface area

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8
Q

amount of exchange material is proportional to what

A

cell’s volume

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9
Q

what does a single-celled organism have sufficient surface area for?

A

all necessary exchange

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10
Q

what do multicellular organisms with a sac-like body plan have?

A

body walls tat are only 2 cells thick, facilitating diffusion of materials

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11
Q

what are most cells in contact with in tapeworms?

A

the environment

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12
Q

space between cells

A

filled with interstitial fluid

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13
Q

interstitial fluid

A

links exchange surfaces to body cells

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14
Q

what does a complex body plan do

A

helps animal living in variable environment to maintain stable internal environment

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15
Q

inter

A

between

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16
Q

hierarchy of organization of body plants

A

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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17
Q

4 types of animal tissues

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscular
  4. nervous
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18
Q

where is epithelial tissue found

A
  • covers outside of body
  • lines organs and body cavities
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19
Q

cells in epithelial tissue

A

contains cells that are closely joined

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20
Q

types of epithelial tissue

A
  • stratified squamous
  • pseudostratified columnar
  • simple squamous
  • simple columnar
  • cuboidal
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21
Q

connective tissue function

A

binds and supports other tissues

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22
Q

connective tissue cells

A
  • sparsely packed cells scattered in extracellular matrix
  • matrix consists of liquid, jellylike, solid foundation
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23
Q

3 types of connective tissue fibers

A
  1. collagenous fibers
  2. reticular fibers
  3. elastic fibers
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24
Q

collagenous fibers

A

provide strength flexibility

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25
Q

reticular fibers

A

join connective tissue to adjacent tissues

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26
Q

elastic fibers

A

stretch and snap back to original length

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27
Q

2 types of connective tissue cells

A
  1. fibroblasts
  2. macrophages
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28
Q

fibroblasts

A

secrete protein of extracellular fibers

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29
Q

macrophages

A

involved in immune system

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30
Q

fibro

A

fiber

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31
Q

blast

A

lay down

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32
Q

macro

A

large

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33
Q

phage

A

eat

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34
Q

6 major types of connective tissue

A
  1. loose connective tissue
  2. fibrous connective tissue
  3. bone
  4. adipose tissue
  5. blood
  6. cartilage
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35
Q

loose connective tissue

A

binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place

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36
Q

fibrous connective tissue

A
  • found in tendons (bone to muscle)
  • found in ligaments (bones at joints)
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37
Q

bone

A

mineralized and forms the skeleton

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38
Q

adipose tissue

A

stores fat for insulation and fuel

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39
Q

blood

A

composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma

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40
Q

cartilage

A

strong and flexible support material

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41
Q

muscle tissue function

A

body movement

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42
Q

muscle cell composition

A
  • consist of filaments of proteins actin and myosin enable muscles to contract
  • myoblast and myocyte
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43
Q

3 types of muscle

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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44
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • striated
  • voluntary
  • multinucleated
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45
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • involuntary
  • branched
  • intercalated discs
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46
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • involuntary
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47
Q

nervous tissue function

A

receipt, processing, transmission of information

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48
Q

nervous tissue cells

A
  1. neurons (nerve cells) - transmit nerve impulses
  2. glial cells (glia) - support cells
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49
Q

what does coordination and control depend on

A

nervous and endocrine system

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50
Q

endocrine system

A

releasees signaling molecules called hormones into bloodstream

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51
Q

hormones

A
  • affect 1+ regions throughout body
  • relatively slow acting with long lasting effects
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52
Q

what does relayed information depend on

A

signal’s pathway, not type of signal

53
Q

regulators

A

use internal control mechanisms to maintain homeostasis

54
Q

conformers

A

allows internal condition to vary within certain external changes

55
Q

are animals regulators or conformers

A

both

56
Q

homeostasis

A

steady state or internal balance regardless of external environment

57
Q

homeostasis in humans

A
  • body temperatures
  • blood pH
  • glucose levels
58
Q

for a given variable, fluctuations above/below a set point serves as what?

A

stimulus

59
Q

what is a stimulus detected by

A

a sensor

60
Q

what does a control center do

A

generates output that triggers a response, which returns variable to set point

61
Q

negative feedback

A

helps return variable to normal range
- most homeostasis in animals

62
Q

positive feedback

A

amplifies stimulus
- doesn’t usually contribute to homeostasis

63
Q

how do set points and normal ranges change

A
  • age
  • cyclic variation
64
Q

circadian rhythm

A

govern physiological changes that occur every 24 hours

65
Q

acclimatization

A

a temporary change during an animal’s lifetime

66
Q

thermoregulation

A

process by which animals maintain internal temperature within a normal range

67
Q

endothermic animals

A

generate heat by metabolism
- birds, mammals, endotherms

68
Q

ectothermic animals

A

gain heat from external sources
- invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles

69
Q

is endothermy or ectothermy more energetically expensive

A

endothermy

70
Q

do ectotherms or endotherms tolerate greater variation in internal temperature

A

ectotherms

71
Q

body temperature of poikilotherm

A

varies with environment

72
Q

poikio

A

variable

73
Q

body temperature of homeotherm

A

relatively constant

74
Q

relationship between heat source and body temperature

A

not fixed (not all poikilotherms are ectotherms)

75
Q

4 physical processes by which organisms exchange heat

A
  1. radiation
  2. evaporation
  3. convection
  4. conduction
76
Q

what system is often involved in heat regulation in mammals?

A

integumentary system - skin, hair, and nails

77
Q

5 adaptations help animals thermoregulate

A
  1. insulation
  2. circulatory adaptations
  3. cooling by evaporative heat loss
  4. behavioral responses
  5. adjusting metabolic heat production
78
Q

insulation

A
  • mammals (whale, walrus) and birds
  • skin, feathers, fur, blubber reduced heat flow between animal and its environment
79
Q

circulatory adaptations

A
  • regulation of blood flow near body surface
  • end/exotherms can alter amount of blood flowing between body core and skin
  • vasodilation
  • vasoconstriction
80
Q

vasodilation

A

blood flow in skin increases, facilitating heat loss

81
Q

vasoconstriction

A

blood flow in skin decreases, lowering heat loss

82
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

exchangers transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and thereby reduce heat loss
- from arrangement of blood vessels in marine mammals and birds

83
Q

what organisms use countercurrent heat exchanges?

A

some sharks, fish, insect, marine mammals, birds

84
Q

endothermic insects and countercurrent heat exchangers

A

help maintain high temperature in thorax

85
Q

evaporative heat loss

A
  • evaporation of water through skin
  • sweating/bathing moistens skin
  • panting - birds and mammals
86
Q

behavioral responses

A
  • ecto, sometimes endoderms
  • seek warm places when cold
  • seek cooler areas when hot
87
Q

adjusting metabolic heat production

A
  • thermogenesis
88
Q

thermogenesis

A

adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature
- increased by moving and shivering

89
Q

non shivering thermogenesis

A

takes place when hormones cause mitochondria to increase metabolic activity

90
Q

brown fat

A

tissue in mammals specialized for rapid heat production

91
Q

where is brown fat found

A

infants of many mammals and adult mammals that hibernate

92
Q

what does amount of brown fat in human adults depend on

A

varies depending on temperature of surrounding environment

93
Q

what other animals can raise body temperature through shivering

A

birds and some nonavian reptiles

94
Q

how can birds and mammals vary their insulation

A

to acclimatize to seasonal temperature changes

95
Q

what happens to lipid composition of cells with temperature change?

A

may change

96
Q

antifreeze compounds

A

when temperatures are subzero, some ectotherms produce these compounds to prevent ice formation in cells

97
Q

what is thermoregulation controlled by

A

hypothalamus

98
Q

what does the hypothalamus trigger

A

heat loss or heat-generating mechanisms

99
Q

fever

A

response to some infections
- reflects an increase in normal range for biological thermostat

100
Q

bioenergetics

A

overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal

101
Q

what does bioenergetics determine

A

nutritional need, size, activity, environment

102
Q

how can organisms be classified

A

by how they obtain chemical energy

103
Q

autotrophs

A

harness light energy to build energy-rich molecules
- plants

104
Q

heterotrophs

A

harvest chemical energy from food
- animals

105
Q

what are energy-containing molecules from food used for

A

making ATP, which powers cellular work

106
Q

what are food molecules used for after staying alive needs are met?

A

biosynthesis

107
Q

biosynthesis

A
  • body growth and repair
  • synthesis of storage material (fat)
  • production of gametes
108
Q

what does food become

A

ATP to glycogen to fat

109
Q

metabolic rate

A

sum of all energy an animal uses in a unit of time

110
Q

what can a metabolic rate be determined by

A
  • animal’s heat loss
  • amount of O2 consumed or CO2 produced
  • measuring energy content of food consumed and energy lost in waste products
111
Q

anabolism + catabolism =

A

metabolism

112
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

metabolic rate of endotherm at rest at comfortable temperature

113
Q

standard metabolic rate (SMR)

A

metabolic rate of ectotherm at rest at specific temperature

114
Q

what do both types of metabolic rates assume

A

non growing, fasting, non stressed animal

115
Q

do ectotherms or endotherms have lower metabolic rate

A

ectotherms

116
Q

factors influencing metabolic rates

A

age, sex, size, activity, temperature, nutrition

117
Q

what is metabolic rate proportional to

A

body mass to the power of three-quarters

118
Q

do smaller or larger animals have a higher metabolic rate per gram

A

smaller animals

119
Q

what does a higher metabolic rate of smaller animals lead to

A

higher oxygen delivery rate, breathing rate, heart rate, greater blood volume
- compared to larger animals

120
Q

torpor

A

physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism
- enables animals to save energy while avoiding difficult/dangerous conditions

121
Q

hibernation

A

long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity

122
Q

estivation

A

summer toropor
- enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water

123
Q

daily torpor

A
  • exhibited by many small mammals and birds
  • adapted to feeding patterns
124
Q

simple squamous

A

lung sacs

125
Q

pseudostratified columnar

A

respiratory tract

126
Q

stratified squamous

A

skin, esophagus

127
Q

simple columnar

A

intestine

128
Q

simple cuboidal

A

kidney

Biology II (43 decks)

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