Chap 15 Evolution and Diversity of Microbial Life

Question 1

Organic molecules form what?

Answer 1

simple chemicals

Question 2

What happened in Miller’s experiments?

Answer 2

scientists applied electricity to a mix of simple chemicals that made up early earth’s atmosphere and those chemicals combined to form organic molecules like nucleotides and amino acids

Question 3

What were the first cells?

Answer 3

prokaryotes

Question 4

How were organic molecules enclosed in early prokaryotes?

Answer 4

by a phospholipid membrane

Question 5

What type of cells arose around 1.5 billion years ago?

Answer 5

eukaryotic

Question 6

What is the hypothesis of how the nucleus formed?

Answer 6

the membrane folded in on itself, pinched off, created a nuclear membrane around genetic material

Question 7

What process explains the origin of the mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Answer 7

endosymbiosis

Question 8

What is endosymbiosis?

Answer 8

aerobic bacteria (and later photosynthetic cyanobacteria) took up residence inside ancient host cells

Question 9

What are the things that make prokaryote diverse?

Answer 9

shape
endospores
metabolism

Question 10

What are the different metabolisms that contribute to prokaryote diversity?

Answer 10

autotroph vs heterotroph

aerobic vs anaerobic

Question 11

What are autotrophs?

Answer 11

get carbon from inorganic sources, typically CO2

Question 12

What are heterotrophs?

Answer 12

get carbon by consuming other organisms

Question 13

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 13

uses O2 to produce ATP

Question 14

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 14

can produce ATP in the absence of O2

Question 15

What determines the cell shape?

Answer 15

the cell wall

Question 16

What are the three most common shapes for bacteria?

Answer 16

coccus (spherical)
bacillus (rod-shaped)
spirillum (spiral)

Question 17

What keeps some bacteria alive?

Answer 17

endospores

Question 18

What are endospores?

Answer 18

thick walled parts of bacteria that can survive harsh conditions

Question 19

Obligate aerobes require what to survive?

Answer 19

oxygen

Question 20

Obligate anaerobes a killed by what?

Answer 20

oxygen

Question 21

What are facultative anaerobes?

Answer 21

can live in aerobic or anaerobic environments

Question 22

What are essential to life (type of life)?

Answer 22

bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes)

Question 23

Where so prokaryotes live?

Answer 23

everywhere

Question 24

What are some of the functions of prokaryotes?

Answer 24

contribute gases to the atmosphere

recycle organic matter

fix nitrogen

Question 25

All other species would die without what?

Answer 25

prokaryotes

Question 26

Some bacteria cause what?

Answer 26

disease

Question 27

How can harmful bacteria enter the body?

Answer 27

ingested inhaled through wounds or other orifices

Question 28

Humans use what?

Answer 28

prokaryotes

Question 29

How do humans use prokaryotes?

Answer 29

their natural metabolism helps make certain foods transgenic bacteria produce many important drugs microbes can break down organic matter in waste water treatment plants

Question 30

What are the simplest eukaryotes?

Answer 30

protists

Question 31

Why is classifying protists difficult?

Answer 31

they are not single clad, it is not clear if they are a true kingdom

Question 32

How were protists originally defined?

Answer 32

eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi, or animals

Question 33

What became more available causing protists to be reclassified into dozens of new groups?

Answer 33

new DNA data

Question 34

What are photosynthetic protists?

Answer 34

algae

Question 35

Where do algae live?

Answer 35

in water

Question 36

What do algae do?

Answer 36

produce much of earth's O2 support food webs in water bodies

Question 37

What are protists with flagella?

Answer 37

dinoflagellates

Question 38

dinoflagellates are characterized by what?

Answer 38

two flagella (use them to whirl around the ocean)

Question 39

What are the different characteristics of some dinoflagellates?

Answer 39

some photosynthetic some live inside animals some bioluminescent can overgrow and produce toxins (red tides)

Question 40

What do algae do when they are disturbed?

Answer 40

release light

Question 41

algae are disturbed by what?

Answer 41

copepods

Question 42

What is the food chain of algae?

Answer 42

algae eaten by copepods (herbivore) copepods eaten by stickleback (fish, predator)

Question 43

What are algae with unique silica cell walls?

Answer 43

diatoms

Question 44

Where do diatoms live?

Answer 44

oceans

Question 45

Diatoms are crucial for source for what?

Answer 45

photosynthesis food for zooplankton

Question 46

What is special about the cell walls of diatoms?

Answer 46

they are very intricate giving them unique shapes

Question 47

What are the most complex and largest protists?

Answer 47

brown algae

Question 48

Brown algae is single or multi cellular?

Answer 48

multi cellular

Question 49

Where do brown algae live?

Answer 49

marine habitats all over the world

Question 50

Which algae share many features with plants?

Answer 50

red and green algae

Question 51

What is similar between green algae and plants?

Answer 51

use the same photosynthetic pigments habitats and body forms are diverse may be unicellular, filamentous,, colonial, or multicellular

Question 52

What are diverse heterotrophic protists?

Answer 52

protozoa

Question 53

How are protozoa grouped together?

Answer 53

based on morphology and locomotion (only distantly related to each other in terms of DNA sequence)

Question 54

What are essential decomposers?

Answer 54

fungi

Question 55

Fungi are more closely related to plants or animals?

Answer 55

animals (look like plants but share many chemical and metabolic features with animals)

Question 56

What are the planet's garbage processors?

Answer 56

fungi

Question 57

What do fungi do?

Answer 57

break down dead plants and animals, releasing nutrients to be recycled

Question 58

What are fungi made of?

Answer 58

hyphae and fruiting bodies

Question 59

What is the fruiting body?

Answer 59

above ground part of fungi, it produces spores (microscopic reproductive cells)

Question 60

What is the hyphae?

Answer 60

network of underground filaments of fungi

Question 61

Collectively the hyphae is called what?

Answer 61

mycelium

Question 62

What do humans use fungi for?

Answer 62

food | medicine

Question 63

What type of fungi gives food delicious flavors?

Answer 63

basidiomycetes | ascomycetes

Question 64

What type of fungi is used to produce wine and beer?

Answer 64

yeasts

Question 65

Ascomycetes are famous for what?

Answer 65

secreting the antibiotics penicillin and cyclosporine

Question 66

Some fungi are what?

Answer 66

pathogenic

Question 67

What does it mean the some fungi are pathogenic?

Answer 67

cause fungal diseases

Question 68

What are some illnesses caused by infectious fungi?

Answer 68

pneumonis ringworm athlete's foot

Question 69

Fungi and plants form what?

Answer 69

mycorrhizae

Question 70

What are mycorrhizae?

Answer 70

structures that allow plants and fungi to share materials with each other.

Question 71

How do fungi and plants use mycorrhizae?

Answer 71

the fungi absorb water and minerals while the plant produces carbohydrates in photosynthesis

Question 72

What is the name for dual organisms?

Answer 72

lichens

Question 73

What are lichens?

Answer 73

fungi with green algae or cyanobacteria living among their hyphae

Question 74

What do the lichens/fungi do?

Answer 74

absorb mineral and water while algae cells produce sugars by photosynthesis