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Baby Bio > Chap 8 DNA Replication, Binary Fission, and Mitosis > Flashcards

Chap 8 DNA Replication, Binary Fission, and Mitosis Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

All cells do what?

A

divide

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2
Q

No living organisms can reproduce without what?

A

cell division

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3
Q

How do unicellular organisms reproduce?

A

they divide

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4
Q

Cell division produces what?

A

a continuous supply of replacement cells in multicellular organisms

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5
Q

What are the parts of the sexual life cycle?

A

eukaryotic cells divide my meiosis

gametes fuse during fertilization

eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis

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6
Q

What is meiosis?

A

where each mature individual produces sex cells by another form of cell division (meiosis)

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7
Q

When does meiosis occur?

A

only during reproduction

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8
Q

Sex cells produced by meiosis contain what?

A

half the DNA as body cells

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9
Q

What happens in fertilization?

A

the zygote inherits DNA from both gametes

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10
Q

What are the gametes of humans?

A

sperm cell

egg cell

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11
Q

What is a zygote?

A

a fertilized egg

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12
Q

How does a zygote divide?

A

by mitosis

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13
Q

What does the zygote become after mitosis?

A

fetus

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14
Q

What are the roles of mitosis?

A

allow organisms to grow and develop. repair tissue, regenerate lost body parts

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15
Q

Can some organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

cell death

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17
Q

Apoptosis (cell death) can do what?

A

carve out distinctive structures during development

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18
Q

What are the types of cell division?

A

binary fission
mitosis
meiosis

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19
Q

What type of cells use binary fission to divide?

A

prokaryotes

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20
Q

What type of cells use mitosis to divide?

A

eukaryotes (skin repair, division of a zygote)

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21
Q

What type of cells use meiosis to divide?

A

production of sex cells (half of the total amount of parent genes)

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22
Q

DNA replication is linked to what?

A

cell division

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23
Q

Cells must do what before they can divide?

A

copy/replicate their DNA

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24
Q

What is replicated before division?

A

the entire genome so each new cell gets one complete copy of the DNA

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25
What replicates DNA?
enzymes
26
Which enzyme unwinds the DNA?
helicases
27
Which enzyme synthesizes new DNA strands?
DNA polymerase
28
Which enzyme join short strands of DNA into long strands?
ligases
29
What assures that the new DNA strands have the correct sequence?
complementary base pairing
30
DNA replication is what?
semiconservative
31
What does semiconservative mean?
the cell keeps the original, parental DNA each time replication takes place, while producing new DNA at the same time
32
After replication each DNA has what?
one parental strand | one daughter strand
33
Replication enzymes do what?
divide up the work
34
DNA replication begins...?
simultaneously at multiple spots along the chromosome called origins of replication
35
Which direction does replication proceed?
both directions at once from each origin
36
How do prokaryotes divide?
binary fission
37
What happens in binary fission?
DNA is replicated and is distributed to two daughter cells
38
Eukaryotic DNA does what before cell division?
winds up extra tightly
39
What happens to DNA during replication?
it is unwound
40
After replication and before the cell starts to divide what happens with the DNA?
it condenses (coils up neatly)
41
During cell division eukaryotic chromosomes are what?
visible
42
Before replication DNA is visible as what?
chromatin
43
Eukaryotic chromosomes are highly what?
condensed DNA
44
Each chromosome consists of two what?
identical sister chromatids, one for each copy of the replicated DNA
45
The cells cycle is...?
a repeated series of events
46
What is the time line of the cell cycle?
the beginning of one cell division until the beginning of the next
47
The cell cycle includes what?
the time when cells are dividing (mitosis) and the time when cells are not dividing (interphase)
48
What is M phase?
mitosis
49
What is eukaryotic cell division?
mitosis
50
What happens in the M phase?
cells leaving the G2 phase enter mitosis, the division of the nucleus, which is followed by cytokinesis
51
What is cytokinesis?
the division of the cell itself
52
What are the steps of the cell cycle?
``` G1 phase S phase G2 phase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase ```
53
Which parts of the cell cycle is part of interphase?
G1 phase S phase G2 phase
54
Which part of the cell cycle is part of mitosis?
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
55
What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
normal cell function and cell growth
56
What is the S phase of the cell cycle?
DNA replication
57
What is the G2 phase of cell division?
additional growth and preparation for division
58
How many steps are in mitosis?
4 and cytokinesis
59
mitosis starts with what?
prophase
60
What is the prophase part of mitosis?
DNA is condensed into chromosomes so two copies of the genome can be separated later a spindle forms (it is made of microtubules)
61
What happens once the spindle forms?
chromosomes attach to it
62
What comes after prophase in mitosis?
metaphase
63
What happens in metaphase?
chromosomes line up at the equator (this ensures that each cell will receive one copy of each chromosome)
64
What happens after metaphase in mitosis?
anaphase
65
What happens in anaphase?
the spindle separates the chromatids (the spindle shortens, moving the sister chromatids toward the opposite centroids)
66
What happens after anaphase in mitosis?
telophase
67
What happens in telophase?
chromosomes unwind and spindle dissolves
68
What happens in cytokinesis?
cytoplasm divides into two new cells
69
The cell cycle is under tight control?
yes
70
What regulates the cell cycle?
chemical checkpoints
71
The chemical checkpoint of the cell cycle check what?
all DNA has replicated DNA is not damaged chromosomes line up and separate properly
72
Cancer cells do what?
divide out of control
73
In cancer the body loses control of what?
cell division
74
What do cancer cells do?
continue to divide when they do not need to and override the checkpooints
75
Treatment does what?
remove or kill abnormal cells
76
Cancer treatments include what?
surgical tumor removal anticancer drugs that slow or block cell division radiation that kills targeted tumor cells
77
How many chromosomes are there after cytokinesis?
4 (2 in each cell)

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