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Chap 3 Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a cell?

A

the smallest unit of life that can live independently

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2
Q

Is every living thing made up of cells?

A

yes, either one or more

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3
Q

What is used to view the entire cell?

A

light microscope

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4
Q

What is used to view the parts of a cell and viruses?

A

electron microscope

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5
Q

What are the common features among all cells?

A

genetic material
ribosomes
cytoplasm
cell membrane

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6
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

produce proteins

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7
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

small simple in structure and lack a nucleus

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8
Q

What are the domains of prokaryotes?

A

bacteria

archaea

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9
Q

What is the most ancient forms of life?

A

prokaryotes

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10
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

larger more complex with many internal parts including a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

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11
Q

What are the kingdoms of eukaryotes?

A

protists
fungi
plants
animals

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12
Q

What is free floating in the cytoplasm of a bacteria cell?

A

DNA
ribosomes
cytosol

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13
Q

What do animal cells have that bacteria cells don’t?

A

membrane bound organelles

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14
Q

Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

prokaryotic

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15
Q

Are animal cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

eukaryotic

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16
Q

Are plant cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

eukaryotic

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17
Q

What is different in a plant cell compared to an animal cell?

A

large central vacuole
cell wall
chloroplasts

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18
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A

forms a barrier b/w the cell and the outside world

regulates passage of substances in and out of the cell (maintaining homeostasis)

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19
Q

What makes up the cell membrane?

A

phospholipids

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20
Q

What is a phospholipid made of?

A

a molecule of glycerol, a phosphate group, and two fatty acids

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21
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

there are polar and nonpolar regions in the same molecule

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22
Q

Are phospholipids amphipathic?

A

yes

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23
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

hydrophilic head

hydrophobic tail

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24
Q

What makes the head of a phospholipid hydrophilic?

A

polar bonds which are attracted to water

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25
What makes the tail of a phospholipid hydrophobic?
nonpolar bonds which repels water
26
What is the structure of the cell membrane?
bilayer of phospholipids
27
When do phospholipids form a bilayer?
when surrounded by water
28
What is the function of a cell membrane?
to separate the cell from its surroundings
29
The phospholipid bilayer is selectively what?
permeable (to lipids and small nonpolar molecules)
30
What is embedded throughout the phospholipid bilayer?
proteins
31
What are the different functions of membrane proteins?
``` transport proteins enzymes recognition proteins adhesion proteins receptor proteins ```
32
Where are carbohydrates in/on the cell membrane?
protrude outward from the cell membrane
33
What is the function of carbohydrates in/on the cell membrane?
cell to cell communication
34
What else does the cell membrane contain?
steroids e.g. cholesterol
35
What is the function of the membrane steroids?
keep the membrane at the right level of fluidity (not too soft not too stiff)
36
What type of cell has a cell wall?
plant cells
37
Where is the cell wall located?
outside the cell membrane
38
What is the structure of the cell wall?
rigid wall of cellulose fibers
39
What are the functions of the cell wall?
impart shape regulate cell volume prevent bursting when cell take in too much water
40
What controls protein production?
the nucleus
41
Where is DNA located?
in the nucleus
42
What "specifies" the recipe fro proteins?
DNA
43
Other than DNA what else does the nucleus contain?
nucleolus
44
What is the function of the nucleolus?
synthesize ribosomes
45
Where is RNA synthesized?
nucleus
46
What is the purpose of Messenger RNA (mRNA)?
matches the sequence of DNA
47
What carries the "recipe" for making proteins?
mRNA
48
What is the copy of the genetic information?
mRNA
49
What does RNA bind to?
ribosomes (so protein synthesis can start)
50
Where are proteins synthesized?
on the ribosomes
51
What moves molecules around?
endomembrane system
52
What is the endomembrane made of?
``` nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles cell membrane ```
53
Where to proteins go after synthesis?
rER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)
54
What happens to proteins in the rER?
they are modified and folded into their exact 3D shape
55
Where do proteins go after the rER?
the golgi apparatus
56
What moves the proteins from the rER to the golgi?
transport vesicles
57
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
"processing center" | proteins are chemically modified to become functional
58
What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?
stack of membrane sacks
59
What happens to proteins when they leave the golgi apparatus?
sorted and packages into new transport vesicles
60
Which organelles are involved with cellular digestion?
Lysosomes Vacuoles Peroxisomes
61
Which organelles are involved with protein localization?
endomembrane system organelles
62
What do lysosomes contain?
hydrolytic enzymes
63
Where does cellular digestion of large molecules occur?
lysosomes
64
Do most plant cells have lysosomes?
No
65
Where does most cellular digestion in plants occur?
central vacuoles
66
Other than cellular digestion, what else do the central vacuoles do?
regulate the size and water balance of a cell
67
What breaks down toxic substances in a cell?
peroxisomes (also aid in digestion)
68
Where do peroxisomes originate and contain?
ER enzymes that digest then oxidize certain toxic molecules
69
Which organelles are related to energy?
Mitochondria | Chloroplasts
70
Almost all eukaryotic cells have thousands of what?
mitochondria
71
How are mitochondria inherited?
maternally
72
What is the process that converts food energy to a form the cell can use for work?
cellular respiration
73
Where does cellular respiration take place?
mitochondria
74
From what do chloroplasts harvest energy?
light
75
What are the eukaryotes that use photosynthesis?
planst | some protists
76
What do chloroplasts do?
convert energy from sunlight into energy stored in sugar molecules
77
What is the cytoskeleton?
a network of protein tracks and tubules found in eukaryotic cells
78
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
structural support aids in cell division organelle transport cell movement
79
What are able to move cells around?
cilia | flagella
80
What makes up the structure of cilia and flagella?
microtubules
81
Do cells need to communicate with each other to function properly?
yes
82
How do plant cells communicate?
plasmodesmata
83
What are plasmodesmata?
channels that pass through the plant cell wall
84
What travels through the plasmodesmata channels?
nutrients | biochemicals
85
How to animal cells communicate?
the stick together
86
What are the type of junctions between animal cells?
Tight Anchoring Gap
87
Describe a tight junction
from an impermeable barrier b/w cells
88
Describe an anchoring junction
attach cells to extracellular matrix (allows tissues to withstand mechanical stress)
89
Describe a gap junction
tunnels that ions and small molecules can pass through
90
Are each eukaryotic cell specialized?
yes

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