Chap 28 The Digestive and Urinary Systems

Question 1

What is the digestive system for?

Answer 1

to break down the nutrients in food and eliminates the solid waste as feces

Question 2

What is the urinary system for?

Answer 2

eliminates water-soluble waste and determines the volume and composition of body fluids

Question 3

The digestive system maintains homeostasis of what?

Answer 3

nutrients

Question 4

When nutrients in the food are broken down where is it delivered?

Answer 4

to the blood

Question 5

What delivers the nutrients to cells throughout the entire body?

Answer 5

the circulatory system

Question 6

The urinary system maintains homeostasis of what?

Answer 6

body fluids

Question 7

What produces urine?

Answer 7

kidneys

Question 8

What is the purpose of producing urine?

Answer 8

excrete nitrogenous wastes (urea) and regulate water and electrolyte levels

Question 9

What is the source of nutrients?

Answer 9

food

Question 10

What do animals use nutrients for?

Answer 10

food for cellular respiration

to build their tissues

Question 11

Metabolism, growth, maintenance, and repair all require what?

Answer 11

nutrients

Question 12

What do nutrients come from?

Answer 12

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
water
vitamins
minerals

Question 13

What is essential to good health

Answer 13

a varied diet

Question 14

What are macronutrients?

Answer 14

they are required in large amounts

Question 15

What items are macronutrients?

Answer 15

water
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids

Question 16

What are micronutrients?

Answer 16

they are required in small amounts

Question 17

What items are micronutrients?

Answer 17

vitamins

minerals

Question 18

A varies diet prevents what?

Answer 18

vitamin deficiencies

mineral deficiencies

Question 19

The U.S. gov’s food guidelines emphasize what?

Answer 19

grains
fresh veggies
low-fat dairy products
fruits
limited amounts of meat and fat

Question 20

What is the consequence of a lack of vitamin C?

Answer 20

scurvy

Question 21

What is the consequence of a lack of Vitamin A?

Answer 21

blindness, impaired immune function

Question 22

What is the consequence of a lack of Vitamin D?

Answer 22

skeletal deformation (rickets)

Question 23

A lack of calcium does what?

Answer 23

muscle cramps/twitches
weakened bones
heart malfunctions

Question 24

A lack of iron does what?

Answer 24

anemia

learning deficits in children

Question 25

A lack of phosphorus does what?

Answer 25

weakness | mineral loss from bones

Question 26

A lack of potassium does what?

Answer 26

``` weakness loss of appetite muscle cramps confusion heart arrhythmia ```

Question 27

A lack of sodium does what?

Answer 27

muscle cramps nausea weakness

Question 28

What reflects food intake and activity level?

Answer 28

body weight

Question 29

A healthy diet includes what?

Answer 29

all of the nutrients necessary to sustain life

Question 30

What must balance the body's metabolic rate and activity level?

Answer 30

the calorie content of food

Question 31

What is Body Mass Index (BMI)?

Answer 31

a measure that combines weight and height

Question 32

A BMI of what is considered healthy?

Answer 32

between 19 and 25

Question 33

What is too few calories?

Answer 33

starvation

Question 34

What makes a diet inadequate?

Answer 34

too few calories | fails to provide essential nutrients

Question 35

What is too many calories?

Answer 35

obesity

Question 36

Appetite is controlled by what?

Answer 36

hormones

Question 37

Acquiring nutrients is a ---- step process.

Answer 37

4

Question 38

What are the 4 steps to acquiring nutrients?

Answer 38

ingestion digestion (mechanical or chemical) absorption elimination

Question 39

What makes up the digestive system?

Answer 39

organs

Question 40

The human digestive system consists of what?

Answer 40

gastrointestinal tract accessory structures

Question 41

What underlies the digestive tract?

Answer 41

smooth muscles

Question 42

Smooth muscle contraction is ---- and stimulated by what?

Answer 42

involuntary the autonomic nervous system

Question 43

What are peristalsis?

Answer 43

rhythmic waves of smooth muscle contractions

Question 44

What do peristalsis do?

Answer 44

move food in one direction through the digestive tract

Question 45

What controls sphincters?

Answer 45

muscles

Question 46

What are sphincters?

Answer 46

muscular rings that can contract to block the passage of materials

Question 47

The sphincters at the mouth and anus are composed of what and are what?

Answer 47

skeletal muscle | voluntary control

Question 48

Other sphincters are within what and are what?

Answer 48

the digestive tract involuntary smooth muscle

Question 49

Where does digestion begin?

Answer 49

the mouth

Question 50

Enzymes in the saliva begin doing what?

Answer 50

digesting starch into sugar monomers

Question 51

What do teeth do?

Answer 51

tear food into smaller pieces

Question 52

What does the tongue do?

Answer 52

pushes food to the back of the mouth

Question 53

Food is swallowed into the what?

Answer 53

pharynx

Question 54

What closes when food passes through the esophagus to the stomach?

Answer 54

the trachea (windpipe)

Question 55

What is the stomach?

Answer 55

a muscular bag that receives food from esophagus

Question 56

What is the main function of the stomach?

Answer 56

mechanical and chemical digestion of food

Question 57

What mechanically digests food in the stomach?

Answer 57

churning

Question 58

What chemically digests food in the stomach?

Answer 58

gastric juices full of enzymes

Question 59

What does the small intestine do?

Answer 59

digests and absorbs nutrients

Question 60

What is the small intestine?

Answer 60

a long tubular organ lines with a highly folded layer of epithelial cells that maximize the surface area for absorbing nutrients from food

Question 61

Where do digestive enzymes come from?

Answer 61

the pancreas

Question 62

The pancreas sends what to the intestine?

Answer 62

pancreatic juice

Question 63

What is in pancreatic juice?

Answer 63

trypsin and chymotrypsin amylase lipase alkaline sodium bicarbonate

Question 64

What does trypsin and chymotrypsin do?

Answer 64

break polypeptides

Question 65

What does amylase do?

Answer 65

digest starch

Question 66

What does lipase do?

Answer 66

breaks down fats

Question 67

What does alkaline sodium bicarbonate do?

Answer 67

neutralizes the acid from the stomach

Question 68

What from the liver helps the intestine digest fats?

Answer 68

bile

Question 69

What does bile do?

Answer 69

emulsifies fast into small globules that mix with water

Question 70

What stores bile and releases it into the small intestine?

Answer 70

the gallbladder

Question 71

Does the small intestine digest most molecules?

Answer 71

yes

Question 72

What completes absorption?

Answer 72

the large intestine

Question 73

The large intestine receives what from the small intestine?

Answer 73

chyme

Question 74

The lining of the large intestine does what?

Answer 74

absorbs water, ions, and minerals from chyme

Question 75

What happens to what is not absorbed in the large intestine?

Answer 75

it is eliminated as feces

Question 76

Animals excrete what?

Answer 76

nitrogenous waste

Question 77

What is excretion?

Answer 77

the elimination of metabolic wastes

Question 78

What balances ion concentrations in body fluids?

Answer 78

osmoregulation

Question 79

What are the multiple functions of the urinary system?

Answer 79

filters blood eliminates nitrogenous wastes helps maintain the ion concentration of body fluids produces, stores, and eliminated urine

Question 80

What is the major organ that cleanses blood?

Answer 80

kidneys

Question 81

What forms as the kidneys cleanse the blood?

Answer 81

urine

Question 82

Where does urine formed in the kidneys travel to?

Answer 82

through the ureters to the urinary bladder

Question 83

The body releases urine through what?

Answer 83

the urethra

Question 84

What are kidneys made of?

Answer 84

nephrons

Question 85

What are the functional units of kidneys?

Answer 85

nephrons

Question 86

What regulates kidney function?

Answer 86

hormones

Question 87

What does high levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) signal to the kidneys?

Answer 87

to decrease the amount of water lost in urine

Question 88

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 88

promotes reabsorption of Na+ into the blood stream from the nephrons. water follows by osmosis