Chap 27 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Question 1

What are the respiratory and circulatory systems for?

Answer 1

they work together to provide the body with oxygen

Question 2

What does the respiratory system do?

Answer 2

exchanges CO2 for O2

Question 3

What does the circulatory system do?

Answer 3

delivers the O2 to the rest of the body’s cells

Question 4

What travels through the circulatory system?

Answer 4

blood

Question 5

How does blood move throughout the circulatory system?

Answer 5

the heart pumps the blood through vessels

Question 6

What carries blood to respiratory surfaces?

Answer 6

blood vessels

Question 7

What happens with blood at the respiratory surface?

Answer 7

the blood exchanges gases with the environment

Question 8

Blood vessels also carry blood to where?

Answer 8

body tissues

Question 9

What happens with blood in body tissues?

Answer 9

blood exchanges gases and nutrients

Question 10

Blood is closely connected to other…?

Answer 10

organ systems

Question 11

What is the step by step way that blood interacts with organs?

Answer 11

blood carries gases that are exchanged in the respiratory system

nutrients enter the blood from the digestive system

blood circulates through the kidneys, which eliminate many wastes

blood carries hormones from the endocrine system and participants in immune reactions

Question 12

What is blood made of?

Answer 12

cells in suspended plasma

Question 13

Blood consists of what?

Answer 13

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

Question 14

The cells in blood produce what?

Answer 14

a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma

Question 15

What is plasma made of?

Answer 15

mostly water
contains some antibodies
many other dissolved substances

Question 16

Red blood cells do what?

Answer 16

carry oxygen

Question 17

Red blood cells are the only cells in the body that express what?

Answer 17

hemoglobin

Question 18

What is hemoglobin?

Answer 18

a protein that binds to oxygen

Question 19

Where do red blood cells originate?

Answer 19

from stem cells in red bone marrow

Question 20

What happens to red blood cells as they mature?

Answer 20

they lose all their organelles and fill up with as much hemoglobin as possible

Question 21

What do white blood cells do?

Answer 21

fight infection

Question 22

Blood contains How many types of white blood cells?

Answer 22

5

Question 23

What are white blood cells called?

Answer 23

leukocytes

Question 24

White blood cells are part of what system?

Answer 24

immune system

Question 25

How do white blood cells fight infection?

Answer 25

they provoke inflammation and destroy microbes, among many other functions

Question 26

What do platelets do

Answer 26

help blood clot

Question 27

What are platelets?

Answer 27

small, colorless cell fragments that initiate blood clotting when there is a wound

Question 28

Platelets do what to stop bleeding?

Answer 28

form a clump that temporarily plugs the leak

Question 29

After temporarily plugging the leak what so platelets do?

Answer 29

they attract plasma proteins called clotting factors that trap blood cells and platelets forming a blood clot

Question 30

What are the many function of blood in the body?

Answer 30

``` gas exchange nutrient transport waste transport hormone transport formation of interstitial fluid maintenance of homeostasis protection ```

Question 31

Cells depend on what to maintain homeostasis in their levels of water, salts, and other nutrients?

Answer 31

the exchanges made by plasma

Question 32

What is the main function of plasma?

Answer 32

to exchange water and dissolved substances with fluid that surrounds the body's cells

Question 33

How are blood vessels classified?

Answer 33

by direction of blood flow

Question 34

What carries blood away from the heart?

Answer 34

arteries | arterioles

Question 35

What carries blood back to the heart?

Answer 35

veins | venules

Question 36

What are the tiniest blood vessels?

Answer 36

capillaries

Question 37

What happens to water and dissolved substances at capillaries?

Answer 37

they diffuse between each capillary and the interstitial fluid that bathes body cells

Question 38

What is the heart?

Answer 38

a muscular pump

Question 39

How many chamber s the the heart have?

Answer 39

4

Question 40

What part of the heart receives blood from veins?

Answer 40

atria

Question 41

What part of the heart pumps blood into arteries?

Answer 41

ventricles

Question 42

The heart needs what?

Answer 42

a blood supply

Question 43

What branches off from the aorta and brings O2-rich blood to the heart?

Answer 43

coronary arteries

Question 44

A vein entering the right atrium returns blood that has been doing what?

Answer 44

circulating within the walls of the heart

Question 45

What is the most common cause of a heart attack?

Answer 45

blockage of a coronary artery

Question 46

Where does blood get oxygen from?

Answer 46

the lungs

Question 47

Blood brings oxygen to what?

Answer 47

the body

Question 48

What is the fist step of blood flow through the body?

Answer 48

O2-poor blood enters the right atrium and is pumped into the right ventricle

Question 49

What is the second step of blood flow through the body?

Answer 49

blood moves through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where it picks up O2 and unloads CO2

Question 50

What is the third step of blood flow through the body?

Answer 50

the pulmonary veins carry O2-rich blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart

Question 51

What is the fourth step of blood flow through the body?

Answer 51

O2-rich blood enters the left atrium and is pumped into the left ventricle

Question 52

What is the fifth step of blood flow through the body?

Answer 52

contraction of the left ventricle sends blood into the aorta, the largest artery in the body

Question 53

What is the sixth step of blood flow through the body?

Answer 53

the blood circulates throughout the body before returning through the veins to the right ventricle

Question 54

What strengthens the heart?

Answer 54

exercise

Question 55

What is cardiac output?

Answer 55

the amount of blood pumped each minute

Question 56

What determines cardiac output?

Answer 56

by the heart rate and the strength of the heart

Question 57

WHO recommends what for exercise?

Answer 57

150 minutes of moderate exercise per per week

Question 58

What is blood pressure?

Answer 58

the force blood exerts on the vessel walls

Question 59

What is used to measure blood pressure?

Answer 59

sphygmomanometer

Question 60

What does negative feedback regulate?

Answer 60

short term blood pressure

Question 61

What detects blood pressure and passes that information to the medulla in the brainstem?

Answer 61

pressure receptors in the walls of major arteries

Question 62

What adjusts both heart rate and the diameter of arterioles to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 62

the medulla, via the autonomic nervous system

Question 63

What regulates blood pressure?

Answer 63

arteriole diameter

Question 64

What is vasoconstriction?

Answer 64

narrowing of blood vessels

Question 65

When does vasoconstriction occur?

Answer 65

when smooth muscle in arteriole walls contracts

Question 66

What happens to blood pressure when arteriole diameter decreases?

Answer 66

blood pressure increases

Question 67

What is vasodilation?

Answer 67

widening of blood vessels

Question 68

When does vasodilation occur?

Answer 68

when the same muscle relax, decreasing pressure

Question 69

What does altering arteriole diameter allow the body to do?

Answer 69

increase blood delivery to regions that need it most

Question 70

Where does breathing start?

Answer 70

in the upper respiratory system

Question 71

Air enters the respiratory system through what?

Answer 71

nose and mouth

Question 72

After air enters the body it passes through what?

Answer 72

the pharynx

Question 73

The pharynx and mouth are part which systems?

Answer 73

digestive and respiratory systems (since both food and air pass through them)

Question 74

What are the main human respiratory organs?

Answer 74

lungs

Question 75

The trachea branches into what?

Answer 75

two bronchi

Question 76

Where do the bronchi lead?

Answer 76

one to each lung

Question 77

The bronchi branch repeatedly into what?

Answer 77

bronchioles

Question 78

The autonomic nervous system controls what to adjust airflow?

Answer 78

the contraction of muscles in the bronchioles

Question 79

Where does gas exchange occur?

Answer 79

alveoli

Question 80

Each alveolus is what?

Answer 80

a tiny sac with a wall of epithelial tissue that is one cell layer thick.

Question 81

What happens in each alveolus?

Answer 81

oxygen and CO2 diffuse through the thin walls of the alveoli and the neighboring capillaries

Question 82

Breathing requires what?

Answer 82

pressure changes

Question 83

Air flows from what to what?

Answer 83

areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

Question 84

What happens in the lungs when we inhale and exhale?

Answer 84

air pressure changes

Question 85

How does air flow through the human respiratory system?

Answer 85

1. ) contraction of the diaphragm expands chest cavity 2. ) air floes into the body through nose/mouth 3. ) gas exchange occurs at alveoli 4. ) relaxation of diaphragm shrinks cavity 5. )air flows out of the body

Question 86

What are the steps of airflow when entering the body?

Answer 86

air enters through nose/mouth then goes to trachea then to bronchus then to bronchiole finally to alveoli

Question 87

O2 and CO2 diffuse in...?

Answer 87

opposite directions

Question 88

Gas exchange in the alveoli and at the body's other tissues relies on what?

Answer 88

simple diffusion

Question 89

Where does O2 enter the blood?

Answer 89

O2 diffuses into the blood at alveoli

Question 90

Where does O2 exit the blood?

Answer 90

diffuses out of the blood at tissue cells

Question 91

Where does CO2 enter the blood?

Answer 91

at tissue cells

Question 92

Where does CO2 exit the blood?

Answer 92

diffuses into the environment at alveoli

Question 93

Breathing is controlled by what?

Answer 93

negative feedback of blood pH

Question 94

What happens to blood as CO2 levels rise?

Answer 94

it becomes more acidic

Question 95

What detects change in blood pH?

Answer 95

receptors in the arteries and in the medulla of the brain

Question 96

In response to increasing blood acidity, what does the brain do?

Answer 96

the brain stimulates an increase in the breathing rate

Question 97

What happens when the breathing rate increases?

Answer 97

the body acquires additional O2 and releases excess CO2, maintaining homeostasis in blood gas concentrations