Chap 24 The Nervous System and the Senses

Question 1

The vertebrate nervous system is complex?

Answer 1

yes

Question 2

The nervous system forms what?

Answer 2

a rapid communication network

Question 3

What is fundamental to the function of the animal nervous system?

Answer 3

rapid communication between cells

Question 4

What travels so fast the effects seem almost instantaneous in the nervous system?

Answer 4

electrochemical impulses

Question 5

What are the functional units of the nervous system?

Answer 5

neurons

Question 6

What do neurons communicate with?

Answer 6

muscles, glands, and other neurons

Question 7

All neurons have the same basic parts, what are they?

Answer 7

cell body
dendrites
axon

Question 8

The nervous system is made up of how many classes of neurons?

Answer 8

3

Question 9

What are the three classes of neurons based on?

Answer 9

their function

Question 10

What are the different functions of neurons?

Answer 10

sensory
inter
motor

Question 11

Each neuron in this network sends a message to the next via what?

Answer 11

action potential

Question 12

What is a neural impulse?

Answer 12

a series of action potentials that spread along the axon

Question 13

What functions are in the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 13

sensory input

motor response

Question 14

What functions are in the central nervous system?

Answer 14

sensory integration

Question 15

What makes up the central nervous system?

Answer 15

brain and spinal cord

Question 16

Neurons use ions to maintain what?

Answer 16

a resting membrane potential

Question 17

Chemically what do neurons work to do?

Answer 17

keep K+ concentration higher inside the cell than outside

keep the Na+ concentration higher outside the cell than inside

Question 18

Stimulation of neurons does what?

Answer 18

opens Na+ channels

Question 19

The more stimulation the more…?

Answer 19

channels open and for a longer time

Question 20

Na+ ions enter the cells and collect where doing what?

Answer 20

near the membrane

reverse the charge

Question 21

The charge inside the neuron is switched from what to what?

Answer 21

negative to positive

Question 22

Na+ ions accumulate to start…?

Answer 22

an action potential

Question 23

What happens once the action potential begins?

Answer 23

more Na+ channels open, allowing more Na+ ions into the cell

Question 24

What happens to the charge on the membrane during an action potential?

Answer 24

now has a positive charge on the inside

Question 25

What do K+ ions do?

Answer 25

reestablish resting potential within milliseconds

Question 26

Chemically speaking what does the K+ ion do?

Answer 26

diffuses out of the cell as the Na+ channels close, returning the membrane to its resting potential

Question 27

After the action potential and during the resting potential what is the charge on the membrane?

Answer 27

the inside of the axon is negative relative to the outside

Question 28

Neurons pass ...

Answer 28

the message along

Question 29

How do neurons form a communication network?

Answer 29

by passing information to other cells

Question 30

In what two ways is the formation of the communication network formed?

Answer 30

electrical impulses | chemical signals

Question 31

Neurotransmitters do what?

Answer 31

pass the message from cell to cell

Question 32

Do neurons directly touch?

Answer 32

no

Question 33

Instead of touching what do neurons form?

Answer 33

a structure called a synapse where chemical signals (neurotransmitters) are released

Question 34

What is a synapse?

Answer 34

a specialized junction between a neuron and another cell

Question 35

What does the synapse include?

Answer 35

a sending neuron a synaptic cleft a receiving cell

Question 36

What is the sending neuron?

Answer 36

a neuron that releases neurotransmitters

Question 37

What is the synaptic cleft?

Answer 37

area between neuron membrane and the membrane of the other cell

Question 38

What is the receiving cell?

Answer 38

could be a neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell

Question 39

What do action potentials cause?

Answer 39

neurotransmitter release

Question 40

Neurotransmitters are released where?

Answer 40

into the synaptic cleft as vesicles in the sending neuron and fuse with the cell membrane

Question 41

The neurotransmitters move across the cleft and do what?

Answer 41

bind to receptor proteins on the receiving cell

Question 42

What is the equation for reaction time/how fast nerve impulses are?

Answer 42

rxn time = sqrt(2*distance/980)

Question 43

What are the knowns in the rxn time equation?

Answer 43

gravitational acceleration: 980 cm/s2 distance

Question 44

The peripheral nervous system consists mainly of what?

Answer 44

nerves

Question 45

What are nerves?

Answer 45

bundles of axons encased in connective tissue

Question 46

In most nerves, the sensory and motor nerve fibers are...?

Answer 46

bundled together into a single cable

Question 47

What do sensory nerves do?

Answer 47

bring sensory info to the brain

Question 48

What do motor nerves do?

Answer 48

carry instructions for muscle and glands

Question 49

What is the central nervous system made of?

Answer 49

brains and spinal cord

Question 50

What two types of nervous tissue make up the central nervous system?

Answer 50

gray matter | white matter

Question 51

What is gray matter?

Answer 51

neuron cell bodies and dendrites, along with their synapses. this is where information processing occurs

Question 52

What is white matter?

Answer 52

myelinated axons that transmit information throughout the central nervous system

Question 53

What is in the hindbrain?

Answer 53

medulla oblongata pons cerebellum

Question 54

What does the medulla oblongata do?

Answer 54

regulates essential physiological processes such as blood pressure, heartbeat, and breathing

Question 55

What does the pons do?

Answer 55

connects forebrain with medulla and cerebellum

Question 56

What does the cerebellum do?

Answer 56

controls posture and balance; coordinated subconscious muscular movements

Question 57

What does the midbrain do?

Answer 57

relays information about voluntary movements from forebrain to spinal cord

Question 58

What is in the forebrain?

Answer 58

thalamus hypothalamus cerebrum

Question 59

What does the thalamus do?

Answer 59

processes information and relays it to the cerebrum

Question 60

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 60

homeostatic control of most organs

Question 61

What is in the cerebrum?

Answer 61

``` white matter grey matter (cerebral cortex) ```

Question 62

What does white matter do in the cerebrum?

Answer 62

transmits information within the brain

Question 63

What does gray matter do in the cerebrum?

Answer 63

sensory, motor, and association areas

Question 64

What are the three main structures of the brain?

Answer 64

Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

Question 65

The senses do what?

Answer 65

connect the nervous system to the outside world

Question 66

What are the two types of senses?

Answer 66

General senses | Special senses

Question 67

What are general senses?

Answer 67

all over the body (e.g. touch, temperature, pain)

Question 68

What are special senses?

Answer 68

restricted to the head (e.g. hearing and equilibrium, vision, smell, taste)

Question 69

Sense organs have what?

Answer 69

sensory receptor cells that respond the stimuli

Question 70

Sensory receptor cells contain what?

Answer 70

a variety of different sensory receptor proteins

Question 71

Receptors in the skin detect what?

Answer 71

general senses

Question 72

What do the general senses detect?

Answer 72

touch temperature pain (each of these senses uses its own type of receptors)

Question 73

Sensing smell and taste is what?

Answer 73

detecting chemicals

Question 74

What responds to molecules dissolved in a water solution, such as saliva or the moist lining of the nasal passage?

Answer 74

chemoreceptors

Question 75

What are chemoreceptors located?

Answer 75

in the nose and tongue

Question 76

Where does the sense of taste begin?

Answer 76

in the taste buds

Question 77

What do we use taste buds for?

Answer 77

to detect molecules at close range when we put them in our mouth

Question 78

What are taste buds?

Answer 78

organs in our tongues

Question 79

The tongues surface is covered in what?

Answer 79

bumps called papillae

Question 80

What are inside the papillae?

Answer 80

the taste buds

Question 81

Vision depends on what?

Answer 81

light-sensitive cells

Question 82

The sense of vision detects what?

Answer 82

light

Question 83

What happens in vision?

Answer 83

specialized cells in the eye send signals to the brain, which interprets those signals as an image

Question 84

Where do hearing begin?

Answer 84

in the ears

Question 85

What happens in hearing?

Answer 85

vibrations in the air are funneled through the auditory canal toward the eardrum. eardrum vibrations, in turn, vibrate three small middle ear bones?

Question 86

What are the three small middle ear bones?

Answer 86

hammer anvil stirrup