Chap 29 The Immune System

Question 1

What is the immune system’s main job?

Answer 1

to prevent illness

Question 2

What is the immune system?

Answer 2

a widespread collection of cells and chemicals that defend the body against infections, cancer, and foreign substances

Question 3

What are the different components of the immune system?

Answer 3

white blood cells
lymphatic system
defensive proteins and chemicals

Question 4

What is the purpose of white blood cells?

Answer 4

to defend the body

Question 5

What are the three types of white blood cells?

Answer 5

phagocyte
lymphocyte
basophil

Question 6

What is the function of phagocyte?

Answer 6

engulf bacteria and debris

Question 7

What is the function of lymphocyte?

Answer 7

coordinate immune response; attack infected or cancerous cells

Question 8

What is the function of basophil?

Answer 8

tigger inflammation

Question 9

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

Answer 9

produces and stores defense cells

Question 10

What are the lymphoid organs?

Answer 10

spleen
thymus
bone marrow

Question 11

What is the function of the spleen?

Answer 11

produces and stores white blood cells

transports defense cells

filter out foreign substances

Question 12

What is the function of the thymus?

Answer 12

where T lymphocytes mature

Question 13

What is the function of bone marrow?

Answer 13

produces variety of blood cells

Question 14

What is the lymph?

Answer 14

the colorless fluid of the lymphatic system

Question 15

What is the purpose of the lymph capillaries?

Answer 15

absorb interstitial fluid and deliver it to larger lymph vessels

Question 16

The lymph passes through what?

Answer 16

the lymph nodes

Question 17

What do the lymph nodes do?

Answer 17

remove foreign substances from lymph

Question 18

Each lymph node contains millions of what?

Answer 18

lymphocytes

Question 19

What are the two subdivisions of the immune systems?

Answer 19

innate defense

adaptive immunity

Question 20

What does innate defense do?

Answer 20

provide broad defense against any pathogen

Question 21

What does adaptive immunity do?

Answer 21

immune cells recognize and remember specific pathogens

Question 22

Innate defenses are…?

Answer 22

immediate and nonspecific

Question 23

What forms the first line of defense?

Answer 23

physical and chemical barriers

Question 24

What does the first line of defense do?

Answer 24

block pathogens and foreign substances from entering the body

Question 25

What are the physical and chemical barriers forming the first line of defense?

Answer 25

``` skin mucus ear wax tears stomach acid ```

Question 26

Various cell types participate in internal what?

Answer 26

innate defense

Question 27

What do macrophages do?

Answer 27

consume pathogens and promote fever

Question 28

What do natural killer cells do?

Answer 28

destroy body cells that have become cancerous or infected with a virus

Question 29

What do basophils do?

Answer 29

provoke inflammation by releasing histamine

Question 30

What participates in internal defense?

Answer 30

antimicrobial proteins

Question 31

White blood cells produce what?

Answer 31

complement proteins

Question 32

What do complement proteins do?

Answer 32

puncture bacterial cell membranes

Question 33

What are cytokines?

Answer 33

proteins that can cause a rise in the body's temperature called fever

Question 34

High body temperature indirectly counters what?

Answer 34

microbial growth

Question 35

Inflammation is a what?

Answer 35

internal innate defense

Question 36

What is inflammation?

Answer 36

an immediate response that recruits white blood cells to the area, helps clear debris, and creates an environment hostile to microbes

Question 37

Adaptive immunity is triggered by what?

Answer 37

antigens

Question 38

What are antigens?

Answer 38

molecules at the surface of bacteria, viruses, and other "invaders" of the body

Question 39

What do antigens do?

Answer 39

stimulate an immune reaction by B cells and T cells

Question 40

What are antibodies?

Answer 40

Y-shaped proteins produced by the immune system that bind to specific antigens as part of the immune response

Question 41

What engulfs invaders and save their antigens for later?

Answer 41

macrophages

Question 42

What presents the antigens to lymphocytes?

Answer 42

macrophages

Question 43

What do helper T cells do?

Answer 43

divide and differentiate

Question 44

What do memory and effector T cells do?

Answer 44

play different roles in adaptive immunity

Question 45

What is able to launch a quick immune response if the antigens enters the body again?

Answer 45

memory cells | they "remember" antigens the immune system has already encountered

Question 46

What acts immediately, releasing cytokines that help activate and enhance the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses?

Answer 46

effector helper T cells

Question 47

What do cytokines do?

Answer 47

initiate cell-mediated and humoral immune responses

Question 48

What are cytokines?

Answer 48

messenger proteins that bind to immune cells and alter their activity

Question 49

How do cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy?

Answer 49

the cytotoxic T cells bind to antigens on bacteria, caner cells, or virus-infected cells, then release toxic chemicals that kill the cell

Question 50

What are the main weapons of humoral immunity?

Answer 50

antibodies

Question 51

What is the function of antibodies?

Answer 51

to attack pathogens in the body's fluids (but not inside infected cells)

Question 52

Each antibody is made to recognize what?

Answer 52

one antigen

Question 53

The primary immune response can be what?

Answer 53

slow

Question 54

The primary immune response is the adaptive immune system's what?

Answer 54

first reaction to a foreign antigen

Question 55

It can take how long to produce enough antibodies to clear up an infection?

Answer 55

weeks | during this time the infection can cause severe damage or even death

Question 56

What jump-start immunity?

Answer 56

vaccines

Question 57

What does a vaccine do?

Answer 57

stimulates active immunity against a pathogen without causing illness

Question 58

What do the antigens in the vaccine do?

Answer 58

teach the immune system to recognize invaders

Question 59

What do vaccines consist of?

Answer 59

antigens from inactivated viruses or other pathogens to stimulate a primary immune response in the body

Question 60

What lingers after the initial exposure to the antigens in the vaccine?

Answer 60

memory cells

Question 61

What happens if an individual that is vaccinated is later exposed to the real pathogen?

Answer 61

a strong secondary immune response will occur

Question 62

Most vaccines do not contain what, and therefore cannot cause the disease they are designed to prevent?

Answer 62

live pathogens

Question 63

What are the different forms antigens take in vaccines?

Answer 63

live, weakened (attenuated) pathogen inactivated pathogen inactivated toxin subunits of pathogens

Question 64

Vaccines cannot do what?

Answer 64

prevent all infectious diseases

Question 65

Why is there no vaccine for HIV/AIDS?

Answer 65

because it mutates so rapidly

Question 66

Why do flu vaccines have limited effectiveness?

Answer 66

because the flu viruses evolve new antigens each season

Question 67

What happens in the immune system when a person has an autoimmune disorder?

Answer 67

the immune system attacks the wrong cells

Question 68

What happens if colonial deletion fails?

Answer 68

the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's molecules

Question 69

What happens in Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 69

antibodies attack insulin-producing cells in the pancreas

Question 70

What causes arthritis?

Answer 70

an autoimmune attack on the cells lining the skeletal joints

Question 71

What misdirects the immune response?

Answer 71

allergies

Question 72

What are exaggerated immune responses to harmless substances?

Answer 72

allergies

Question 73

Allergies do what?

Answer 73

launch and exaggerated attack

Question 74

What happens in allergies if the body is exposed to the same pollen antigen again?

Answer 74

mast cells release histamine and other chemicals that cause an allergic reaction