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Baby Bio > Chap 26 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems > Flashcards

Chap 26 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

The muscular system and the skeletal system function…?

A

together

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2
Q

What does the muscular system provide?

A

motion

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3
Q

How does the muscular system provide motion?

A

muscle cells contract when stimulated by the nervous system

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4
Q

What does the skeletal system provide?

A

adds a firm supporting structure that muscles pull against

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5
Q

What are the organs of the vertebrate skeleton?

A

bones

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6
Q

What are the two categories bones are grouped in?

A

axial skeleton

appendicular skeleton

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7
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

surrounds the central axis of the body

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8
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

consists of the appendages and the bones that support them

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9
Q

What does the axial skeleton do?

A

shields soft body parts (e.g. skull, ribs, vertebrae)

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10
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton do?

A

consists of limbs

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11
Q

What does the vertebrate skeleton feature?

A

a central backbone

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12
Q

What protects and supports the spinal cord?

A

the vertebral column

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13
Q

What protects the heart and lungs, and is attached to the vertebral column?

A

ribs

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14
Q

What happens to the vertebral column in scoliosis?

A

it curves to the side

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15
Q

What provides useful clues to past events?

A

bones

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16
Q

What can bones reveal about the past?

A

gender of a person
illnesses
evolution

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17
Q

What are the different functions of bones?

A

support and protection

bones connected to muscles provide movement

bone mineral supply calcium and phosphorus to the rest of the body

blood cells form at the marrow inside the bones

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18
Q

Where do bones produce new blood cells?

A

in the marrow

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19
Q

What is the marrow cavity?

A

a space occupying the center of the bone shaft

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20
Q

What is a nursery for blood cells and platelets?

A

red bone marrow

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21
Q

What replaces red marrow in adult limb bones?

A

yellow bone marrow

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22
Q

What is yellow bone marrow unable to do?

A

produce blood (but it can revert to red marrow if necessary)

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23
Q

What do bones contain?

A

nerves
blood vessels
cartilage

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24
Q

T/F bones are living organs.

A

True

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25
Canals throughout the bone house what?
veins arteries nerves
26
Besides bone, what is the other main connective tissue in the skeleton?
cartilage
27
Where is cartilage located?
covering the ends of bones
28
What does cartilage consist of?
mostly tough, elastic proteins
29
Cartilage resists what?
breakage and stretching (even when bearing great weight)
30
Cartilage can also act as an excellent?
shock absorber
31
Where does the skeleton begin?
cartilage
32
What happens to bone and a fetus develops?
bone tissue replaces cartilage
33
What continues to happen to the bone as the person matures?
bones continue to develop after birth as the bone matrix becomes materialized
34
In children, where does bone growth continue?
at growth plates made of cartilage
35
Where do bones meet?
at a joint
36
What are tendons?
tough bands of connective tissue that attach bone to muscle
37
What are ligaments?
similar to tendons and attach bone to bone
38
What is a joint?
an area where two bones meet, allowing for movement
39
Bones are surrounded by what, that allows bones to move against each other without friction?
fluid-filled capsule of fibrous connective tissue
40
Bones help regulate what?
calcium homeostasis
41
The body maintains calcium homeostasis under the control of what?
hormones
42
How does the body maintain calcium homeostasis?
by constantly shuttling calcium between blood and bone
43
What is calcium vital for?
muscle contraction blood clotting the activity if certain enzymes
44
What is osteoporosis?
the loss of calcium from bone tissue, which weakens the bone
45
Muscles have multiple what in the body?
functions
46
The human muscular system includes more than .... , which carry out various functions in addition to voluntary movement?
600 skeletal muscles
47
Which muscles are involuntary, and thus are not typically considered part of the muscular system?
smooth muscle | cardiac muscles
48
What are the different functions of muscles?
voluntary movement control of body openings maintain posture communication maintain body temperature
49
Muscles have what?
a hierarchical organization
50
What is a muscle?
an organ enclosed in connective tissue, nourished by blood vessels, and controlled by nerves
51
Muscles contain many what, made of thick and thin filaments?
myofibrils
52
Myofibrils are made up of what?
filamentous contractile proteins, actin and myosin
53
Thin filaments have which protein?
actin
54
Thick filaments have which protein?
myosin
55
Actin and myosin do what next to each other?
slide past each other
56
According to what, a muscle cell contracts when thin filaments slide between thick ones?
sliding filament model
57
What are the basis of muscle movements?
interactions described in the sliding filament model
58
Each long myofibril is divided in chunks, or function units called?
sarcomeres
59
What happens to sarcomeres when a muscle cell contracts?
sarcomeres become shorter
60
The motion that occurs as the contractile proteins slide past each other shortens each sarcomere without changing what?
the lengths of the thick or thin filaments
61
What makes the sliding motion possible?
ATP
62
What is step 1 of allowing the sliding motion?
actin and myosin filaments are near each other but not touching
63
What is step 2 of allowing the sliding motion?
the muscle cell has received an impulse from the nervous system, myosin binds to actin, forming cross bridges
64
What is step 3 of allowing the sliding motion?
the cross bridge changes shape from straight to bent. This "power stroke" pulls on the actin filament
65
What is step 4 of allowing the sliding motion?
ATP binds to the cross bridges, which causes them to separate from the actin binding sites
66
What is step 5 of allowing the sliding motion?
hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy to return myosin to its straight conformation
67
What stimulate muscle contraction?
motor neurons
68
What do motor neurons do?
send impulses from the central nervous system to muscle cells, causing them to contract
69
One motor neuron typically what?
synapses with several muscle cells, forming motor units that all contract together
70
What allows actin and myosin to interact?
calcium ions
71
What is step 1 in allowing actin and myosin to interact?
neurotransmitters cause opening of ion channels in the muscle cells
72
What is step 2 in allowing actin and myosin to interact?
this causes accumulation of calcium ions in the cytosol
73
What is step 3 in allowing actin and myosin to interact?
calcium ions change the shape of the thin filaments, allowing the myosin heads to bind to actin
74
Muscle cells have several ways to produce what?
ATP
75
What is the first way ATP can be produced?
ATP is generated in aerobic respiration and during muscle activity
76
What is the second way ATP can be produced?
ATP can be directly replenished with the help of a molecule called creatine phosphate
77
What is the third way ATP can be produced?
when the creatine phosphate supply is depleted, aerobic respiration continues to produce ATP as long as muscles are receiving enough oxygen
78
What is the fourth way ATP can be produced?
otherwise, the cells switch to fermentation, an anaerobic pathway of ATP production that generates lactic acid as a byproduct
79
What are the two types of muscle fibers?
slow-twitch | fast-twitch
80
What are slow-twitch fibers?
small, use energy slowly, have high endurance
81
What are fast-twitch fibers?
large, use bursts of energy, tire quickly
82
The proportion of muscle fibers influences what?
athletic performance
83
People with a high proportion of slow-twitch fibers excel at what?
endurance sports
84
People with a higher proportion of fast-twitch fibers excel at what?
short, fast events
85
The proportion of muscle fibers is influenced by what?
genetics and exercise
86
What do genes determine in muscles?
the fast/slow twitch ratio
87
Is is possible to alter the fast/slow twitch ratio through exercise?
yes
88
Exercise also does what to muscles?
increases the size of muscle cells increases the efficiency of muscle metabolism increases the blood flow to muscles increases bone strength

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