Chap 25 The Endocrine System

Question 1

What provides slow, lasting communication?

Answer 1

hormones

Question 2

What are the bodies two communication networks?

Answer 2

nervous system

endocrine system

Question 3

The endocrine system’s effects are what compared to the nervous system?

Answer 3

slower

longer-lasting

Question 4

What does the endocrine system consist of?

Answer 4

glands and hormones

Question 5

What does the endocrine gland consist of?

Answer 5

cells that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream, which carries the secretions throughout the body

Question 6

What is a hormone?

Answer 6

a biochemical that travels in the bloodstream and alters the metabolism of one or more cells

Question 7

What do hormones interact with?

Answer 7

receptors in target cells

Question 8

How do hormones carry out their functions?

Answer 8

by binding to receptor proteins in target cells

each hormone is shaped to fit its own receptor protein

Question 9

Cells express many different hormone receptors and respond to many different hormones?

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

Hormones can be classified in terms of?

Answer 10

solubility

Question 11

All hormones travel through the blood to reach…?

Answer 11

their target cells

Question 12

What are water-soluble hormones called?

Answer 12

peptide hormones

Question 13

Water-soluble hormones bind to receptor proteins where?

Answer 13

at the outside surface of the target cell

Question 14

Lipid-soluble hormones can …?

Answer 14

diffuse across the target cell membrane and bind to receptor proteins inside

Question 15

Water-soluble proteins activate what?

Answer 15

other proteins inside the cell

Question 16

Where does the cascade reaction begin?

Answer 16

in the target cell when a water-soluble hormone binds to its receptor

Question 17

What are produced inside the target cell that causes changes in the cell’s activity?

Answer 17

messenger molecules

Question 18

Give an example of of changes in cel l activity?

Answer 18

muscle contraction

cell division

Question 19

Lipid-soluble hormones alter…?

Answer 19

gene expression

Question 20

What are lipid-soluble hormones?

Answer 20

steroid hormones (e.g. estrogen)

Question 21

What happens to the steroid hormone once inside the cell?

Answer 21

binds to a receptor, forming a complex

Question 22

What does the hormone/receptor complex bind to?

Answer 22

binds to the DNA inside the nucleus

Question 23

What does the hormone/receptor do once it binds to DNA in the nucleus?

Answer 23

changes the expression of genes

Question 24

Hormones are released by?

Answer 24

many endocrine glands

Question 25

What are the main endocrine glands in vertebrates?

Answer 25

``` hypothalamus pituitary gland pineal gland thyroid gland parathyroid glands adrenal glands pancreas ovaries (in females) testes (in males) ```

Question 26

Together these organs release dozens of hormones that simultaneously what?

Answer 26

every aspect of our lives, from conception through death

Question 27

What adjusts hormone production?

Answer 27

hypothalamus

Question 28

The feedback systems coordinated by the hypothalamus respond to what?

Answer 28

current hormone levels, keeping hormones at steady levels in the blood

Question 29

What releases two hormones produced in the hypothalamus?

Answer 29

posterior pituitary

Question 30

What are the two hormones that the posterior pituitary releases?

Answer 30

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) Oxytocin

Question 31

What does ADH do?

Answer 31

stimulates cells in the kidneys to return water to the blood stream (rather than eliminating water in urine)

Question 32

What does oxytocin do?

Answer 32

stimulates ejection of milk from mammary glands and induces contractions of the uterus during child birth

Question 33

The anterior pituitary does what?

Answer 33

produces and secretes 6 hormones

Question 34

The rate of pituitary hormone release depends on what?

Answer 34

on which hormones the hypothalamus secretes

Question 35

What are the 6 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary?

Answer 35

``` GH Prolactin TSH ACTH FSH, LH Endorphins ```

Question 36

Pituitary abnormalities can affect what?

Answer 36

body size (under- or overproduction of growth hormones produces abnormally small or large individuals)

Question 37

Metabolism is regulated by what?

Answer 37

many hormones

Question 38

Which glands secrete hormones that influence metabolism?

Answer 38

``` thyroid gland parathyroid gland adrenal gland pancreas pineal gland ```

Question 39

What sets the metabolic pace?

Answer 39

thyroid gland

Question 40

What are the two thyroid hormones?

Answer 40

thyroxine | triiodothyronine

Question 41

What do the two thyroid hormones do?

Answer 41

increases the rate of metabolism in target cells of all tissue types

Question 42

The thyroid also produced what?

Answer 42

calcitonin

Question 43

What does calcitonin do?

Answer 43

decreases blood calcium levels by increasing calcium deposition in bone cells

Question 44

What controls calcium levels?

Answer 44

parathyroid glands

Question 45

What are the parathyroid glands?

Answer 45

four small groups of cells embedded in the back of the thyroid gland

Question 46

What does the parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

Answer 46

increases calcium levels in blood and tissue fluid, opposing the activity of calcitonin

Question 47

What coordinates stress responses?

Answer 47

adrenal glands

Question 48

What do adrenal glands look like and where are they located?

Answer 48

about the size of walnuts located atop the kidneys

Question 49

Each adrenal glands does what?

Answer 49

produces a different set of hormones that play roles in long-term and short-term responses to stress

Question 50

What regulates short-term stress responses?

Answer 50

the adrenal medulla

Question 51

The adrenal medulla produces what?

Answer 51

epinephrine | norepinephrine

Question 52

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

Answer 52

help the body respond to exercise, trauma, fear, excitement aka the fight or flight response

Question 53

What are the major responses to epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Answer 53

increase heart rate and blood pressure dilate airways, so breathing rate increases increase metabolic rate slow digestion

Question 54

What regulates long-term stress response?

Answer 54

the adrenal cortex

Question 55

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 55

glucocorticoids

Question 56

What do glucocorticoids do?

Answer 56

help the body mobilize energy, raise blood pressure, and reduce inflammation (under chronic stress, these responses become unhealthy)

Question 57

What regulates blood glucose?

Answer 57

the pancreas

Question 58

What is the pancreas?

Answer 58

an elongated gland, about the size of a hand, attached to the small intestine

Question 59

Clusters of cells in the pancreas secrete what?

Answer 59

insulin | glucagon

Question 60

What do insulin and glucagon do?

Answer 60

regulate the body's use of glucose

Question 61

What triggers the pancreas to secrete insulin?

Answer 61

when glucose from food enters the blood stream

Question 62

What does insulin do?

Answer 62

stimulates cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream, lowering the blood glucose concentration

Question 63

What triggers the pancreas to secrete glucagon?

Answer 63

low blood sugar levels

Question 64

What does glucagon do?

Answer 64

stimulates target cells in the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream, keeping the levels steady

Question 65

What is caused by too much glucose?

Answer 65

diabetes

Question 66

What is diabetes?

Answer 66

the body's cells are staving for lack of glucose even though glucose levels in blood and urine are enormous

Question 67

What happens in type 1 diabetes?

Answer 67

pancreatic cells are destroyed and cannot produce insulin, so patients must inject themselves with it

Question 68

What happens in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 68

insulin is present but cells become resistant to it. (this form of the disease is impacted by diet and exercise)

Question 69

What regulates sleep?

Answer 69

the pineal gland

Question 70

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 70

melatonin

Question 71

What does melatonin do?

Answer 71

regulates sleep-wake cycles

Question 72

What initiates/inhibits melatonin?

Answer 72

darkness initiates melatonin synthesis light inhibits it

Question 73

Higher levels of melatonin tell the body what?

Answer 73

it is time to sleep

Question 74

What regulates the ovaries and testes?

Answer 74

FSH and LH

Question 75

FSH and LH are released by?

Answer 75

anterior pituitary gland

Question 76

What do FSH and LH trigger in females and where?

Answer 76

the events that lead to the release of an egg cell at target cells in the ovary

Question 77

What do FSH and LH trigger in males and where?

Answer 77

stimulates sperm formation and trigger cells to release testosterone in the testes

Question 78

Hormones from the ovaries and testes do what?

Answer 78

coordinate reproduction

Question 79

What hormones are from the ovaries?

Answer 79

progesterone | estrogen

Question 80

What does progesterone do?

Answer 80

regulates the menstrual cycle and prepares the body for pregnancy

Question 81

What does estrogen do?

Answer 81

regulates the menstrual cycle and maintains secondary sex characteristic in females

Question 82

What hormones are from the testes?

Answer 82

testosterone

Question 83

What does testosterone do?

Answer 83

promotes sperm development and maintains secondary sex characteristics in males