Chap 16 Evolution and Diversity of Plants

Question 1

What are the characteristics of a plant?

Answer 1

eukaryotic
autotrophic
multicellular
cells have chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis

Question 2

What are the four phyla in kingdom plantae?

Answer 2

bryophytes
seedless vascular plants
gymnosperms
angiosperms

Question 3

What molecular features are shared between green algae and plants

Answer 3

DNA sequence shows close evolutionary relationship

chloroplasts contain the same pigment

cell walls contain cellulose

both use starch as a storage molecule

Question 4

What are the key features that determine a plant’s phyla?

Answer 4

vascular tissue
seeds
flowers and fruits

Question 5

Which phylum has no vascular tissue, no seeds, and no flower/fruits?

Answer 5

bryophytes

Question 6

Which phylum has vascular tissue, no seeds, and no flower/fruits?

Answer 6

seedless vascular plants

Question 7

Which phylum has vascular tissue, has seeds, and no flowers/fruits?

Answer 7

gymnosperms

Question 8

Which phylum has vascular tissue, has seeds, and has flowers/fruits?

Answer 8

angiosperms

Question 9

What is an adaptation to life on land?

Answer 9

a leaf

Question 10

What to leaves on a plant do?

Answer 10

used to obtain food

capture sunlight and CO2 for photosynthesis

Question 11

Plant leaves have evolved what?

Answer 11

cuticle - to keep from drying out

stomata - to allow gas exchanges

roots

vascular tissue

reproductive structures

Question 12

What does vascular tissue do in a plant?

Answer 12

transports water and nutrients

Question 13

What are the functions of roots on a plant?

Answer 13

for obtaining water and minerals, while physically anchoring the plant in soil

Question 14

What are vascular tissue in a plant?

Answer 14

bundle of tubes that transport water, minerals, and sugar throughout the plant

Question 15

What are the two parts of vascular tissue?

Answer 15

xylem

phloem

Question 16

Where is lignin and what does it do?

Answer 16

in xylem walls (vascular tissue)

supports the plant

Question 17

What do land plants make in order to reproduce?

Answer 17

gametes that can survive and find each other on land

make embryos that are protected from drying out

Question 18

Plants do what with their generations?

Answer 18

alternate

Question 19

What are the multicellular plants that carry out all life processes?

Answer 19

sporophyte

gametophyte

Question 20

What is the characteristic of the sporophyte generation?

Answer 20

diploid

Question 21

What is the characteristic of the gametophyte generation?

Answer 21

haploid

Question 22

gametophytes and sporophytes evolved different what?

Answer 22

lifestyles

Question 23

In simple plants the gametophyte is — and — dependent on the sporophyte?

Answer 23

larger

less

Question 24

In more complex plants the gametophyte is — and — dependent on the sporophyte?

Answer 24

smaller

more

Question 25

Which are the simplest plants?

Answer 25

bryophytes

Question 26

Where do bryophytes live?

Answer 26

shady moist habitats

Question 27

What do bryophytes do?

Answer 27

they help build the soil that larger plants use

Question 28

Give example of plants that are bryophytes.

Answer 28

mosses hornworts liverworts

Question 29

Bryophytes have a small what?

Answer 29

sporophyte

Question 30

What is the sporophyte?

Answer 30

a stalk attached to the gametophyte

Question 31

What does the sporophyte do?

Answer 31

produces spores that grow into new haploid gametophyte plants

Question 32

Where do bryophytes reproduce?

Answer 32

in water

Question 33

How do bryophyte reproduce?

Answer 33

gametes formed by mitosis in separate sperm and egg producing structures in the gametophyte sperm swims to the egg cell in a film of water that coats the plants

Question 34

Seedless vascular plants have true what?

Answer 34

roots, stems, and leaves

Question 35

What allowed seedless vascular plants to grow much larger than bryophytes?

Answer 35

vascular tissue

Question 36

How did vascular tissue help seedless vascular plants?

Answer 36

gave them an edge in competing for sunlight

Question 37

Seedless vascular plants have a large what?

Answer 37

sporophyte

Question 38

What does the sporophyte do in seedless vascular plants?

Answer 38

it grows up and out of the gametophyte as it matures, it detaches and grows separately, then produces spores

Question 39

Seedless vascular plants require what for reproduction?

Answer 39

water

Question 40

How do seedless vascular plants reproduce?

Answer 40

gametophytes produce male and female gametes. sperm swim from female gametophytes in water

Question 41

What does gymnosperm mean literally?

Answer 41

naked seed plants

Question 42

What do gymnosperm sporophytes look like?

Answer 42

very large and conspicuous

Question 43

What are the sporophytes of most gymnosperms?

Answer 43

woody trees or shrubs

Question 44

What does the sporophyte produce in gymnosperms?

Answer 44

both male and female cones

Question 45

Gymnosperm cones develop into what?

Answer 45

tiny gametophytes

Question 46

Where are the male and female gamete formed in gymnosperms?

Answer 46

pollen, containing sperm, is formed in the male cones ovules, containing eggs, are formed in the female cones

Question 47

Reproducing gymnosperms does not require what, and why?

Answer 47

water | sperm do not need to swim through water ti eggs for fertilization

Question 48

How do gymnosperms reproduce?

Answer 48

windblown pollen grains settle between the scales of female cones and adhere to ovules. fertilization occurs inside the ovules

Question 49

Angiosperms produce what?

Answer 49

seed in fruits

Question 50

Where do angiosperms produce pollen and egg cells?

Answer 50

in flowers, which develop into fruit after fertilization

Question 51

How do angiosperm sporophytes look?

Answer 51

very large and conspicuous

Question 52

What are the sporophytes of angiosperms?

Answer 52

trees and other

Question 53

When do angiosperm gametophytes get together?

Answer 53

at pollination

Question 54

What happens during angiosperm pollination?

Answer 54

a grain of pollen (male gametophyte) produces a pollen tube to reach the ovule (female gametophyte)

Question 55

angiosperms have double ...?

Answer 55

fertilization

Question 56

What happens in double fertilization?

Answer 56

two sperm nuclei travel through the pollen tube one fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote. This is the first cell of the sporophyte. the other sperm fertilizes the central cell's polar nuclei. This will develop into the endosperm, which feeds the embryo inside the seeds.

Question 57

How is the endosperm made?

Answer 57

one sperm cell fertilizes the central cell's polar nuclei