Chap 18 Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
Introduction Endocrine System
A
- Glands release hormones.
- Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism.
- Hormones bind to receptors.
- Receptors are recognition sites in the various target tissues on which hormones act.
2
Q
ENDOCRINE glands—
EXOCRINE glands—
A
- ENDOCRINE glands—
Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream - EXOCRINE glands—
Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body
3
Q
Endocrine Glands
A
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid glands (four glands)
- Adrenal glands (one pair)
- Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
- Pituitary gland
- Ovaries (one pair)
- Testes (one pair)
- Pineal gland
- Thymus gland
4
Q
- Thyroid Function
A
- There are two hormones:
+ Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)
+ Triiodothyronine (T3). - Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate.
- Calcitonin: stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone.
5
Q
Parathyroid Function
Parathyroid hormone (PTH):
A
Parathyroid hormone (PTH): causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the bloodstream
6
Q
- Adrenal Glands: Location and Structure
A
Each gland has two parts
- An outer portion, the adrenal cortex
+ Secretes corticosteriods or steriods, chemicals derived from cholesterol - An inner portion, adrenal medulla
+ Secretes catecholamines
chemicals derived from amino acids
7
Q
- Function: Adrenal Cortex Secretes
A
- Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti-inflammatory (cortisone). Influences—SUGAR
- Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolytes
Aldosterone: reabsorption of sodium/excretion of potassium. Influences—SALT - Gonadocorticoids: androgens and estrogens. Influences—SEX
8
Q
Function: Adrenal Medulla Secretes
A
Two types of catecholamine hormones
- Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): constricts vessels to raise blood pressure
- Both are sympathomimetic agents
9
Q
PANCREAS
A
- Located near and partially behind the stomach
- Exocrine and endocrine organ
10
Q
- Pancreas Function
A
Endocrine function
- Islets of Langerhans produce:
+ Insulin: promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen
+ Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells
11
Q
Pituitary Gland
A
- Pea-sized gland in depression of skull (sella turcica) also called the hypophysis
+ Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
+ Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) - Hypothalamus controls secretions of the pituitary via releasing factors (hormones)
12
Q
- Pituitary Function
A
a. Anterior pituitary:
- Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin (STH)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
b. Posterior pituitary: stores and releases hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin)
- Oxytocin (OT)
13
Q
Ovaries and Testes: Hormones and Actions
A
Ovaries secret:
- Estrogen (Estradiol): female sexual characteristics - Progesterone: mantains pregnancy
Testes secret:
- Androgen (Testosterone) : male sexual characteristics
14
Q
Male (Testest)
Female (Ovaries)
A
Testes
- Hormone: testosterone
+ Maintains germ cell formation and secondary sexual characteristics
Ovaries
- Hormones: estrogen and progesterone
+ Maintains menstrual cycle, release of ovum, secondary sexual characteristics, preparation of uterus for pregnancy
15
Q
adrenal cortex
A
Outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones
16
Q
adrenal medulla
A
Inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
17
Q
ovaries
A
Located in the lower abdomen of female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion
18
Q
pancreas
A
Located behind the stomach
19
Q
parathyroid glands
A
Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland
20
Q
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
A
Located at the base of brain in the sella turcica
21
Q
testes
A
Two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion
22
Q
thyroid gland
A
Located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
23
Q
adrenaline (epinephrine)
A
Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure
24
Q
Adrenocortico-tropic hormone (ACTH)
A
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates adrenal cortex
25
aldosterone
Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt reabsorption
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androgen
Male hormone secreted by the testes and adrenal cortex (to a lesser extent)
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; increases reabsorption of water by kidney
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calcitonin
Secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels
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cortisol
Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar
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epinephrine (adrenaline)
Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure
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estradiol
estrogen
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
glucagons
estradiol: Estrogen secreted by the ovaries
estrogen: Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex (to lesser extent)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by ovaries and sperm production by testes
glucagons: Secreted by alpha islet cells of pancreas; increases blood sugar
32
growth hormone (GH); somatotropin
insulin
luteinizing hormone (LH)
growth hormone (GH); somatotropin: Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues
insulin: Secreted by beta islet cells of pancreas; helps glucose pass into cells and promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen
luteinizing hormone (LH): Secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males
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norepinephrine
oxytocin (OT)
parathormone (PTH)
progesterone
norepinephrine: Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure
oxytocin (OT): Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of uterus during labor and childbirth
parathormone (PTH): Secreted by parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium
progesterone: Secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy
34
prolactin (PRL)
somatotropin (STH)
testosterone
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin
prolactin (PRL): Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion
somatotropin (STH): Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; growth hormone
testosterone: Male hormone secreted by the testes
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin: Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes thyroid function
35
thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
vasopressin
thyroxine (T4): Secreted by the thyroid gland; increases cell metabolism
triiodothyronine (T3): Secreted by the thyroid gland; increases cell metabolism
vasopressin: Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; antidiuretic hormone (ADH); raises water reabsorption and raises blood pressure
36
catecholamines
corticosteroids
electrolyte
glucocorticoid
catecholamines: Hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla
corticosteroids: Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
electrolyte: Mineral salt found in blood and tissues
glucocorticoid: Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
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homeostasis
hormone
hypothalamus
mineralocorticoid
homeostasis: Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment
hormone: Substance secreted by an endocrine gland to influence structure or function of an organ or gland
hypothalamus: Region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland
mineralocorticoid: Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts and water balance in the body
38
receptor
sella turcica
sex hormones
receptor: Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited
sella turcica: Cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland
sex hormones: Steroids produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics
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steroid
Sympatho-mimetic
target tissue
steroid : Complex substance related to fats and of which many hormones are made
Sympatho-mimetic: Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system
target tissue: Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones
40
The outer section of each adrenal gland is the:
adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex
adrenaline
adrenocorticotropic hormone
B: adrenal cortex.
41
```
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males:
luteinizing hormone (LH)
estrodoil
oxytocin
prolactin
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A: luteinizing hormone (LH).
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* aden/o
gland
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* adrenal/o
adrenal glands
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* gonad/o
sex glands (ovaries, testes)
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* pancreat/o
pancreas
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* parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
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* pituitar/o
pituitary gland; hypophysis
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* thyr/o
thyroid gland
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* thyroid/o
thyroid gland
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* andr/o
male
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* calc/o, calici/o
calcium
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* cortic/o
cortex, outer region
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* crin/o
secrete
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* dips/o
thirst
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* estr/o
female
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* gluc/o, glyc/o
sugar
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* home/o
sameness
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* hormon/o
hormone
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* kal/I
potassium (an electrolyte)
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* lact/o
milk
61
* myx/o
mucus
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* natr/o
sodium (an electrolyte)
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* phys/o
growing
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* somat/o
body
65
* ster/o
solid structure
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* toc/o
childbirth
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* toxic/o
position
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* ur/o
urine
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* -agon
assemble, gather together
70
* -emia
blood condition
71
* -in, -ine
a substance
72
* -tropin
stimulating the function of
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* -uria
urine condition
74
* eu-
good, normal
75
* hyper-
excessive, above
76
* hypo-
deficient, below
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* oxy-
rapid, sharp, acid
78
* pan-
all
79
* poly-
much or increased
80
* tetra-
four
81
* tri
three
82
Which term means surgical excision of the adrenal gland (specifically)?
Adenectomy
Adrenopathy
Adrenalectomy
Pancreatectomy
C: adrenalectomy.
83
Which term means a blood condition of too little potassium?
Hyperkalemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypercalciuria
Hypokalemia
D: hypokalemia.
84
PATHOLOGY—THYROID GLAND
Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid
- Hypersecretion
Hyperthyroidism
- > Graves’disease
- Exophthalmos and proptosis
- Hyposecretion
Hypothyroidism
-> Myxedema
-> Cretinism
- Neoplasms
Thyroid carcinoma
85
PATHOLOGY—PARATHYROID
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- Hypersecretion
Hyperparathyroidism
Loss of bone density
Kidney stones
Hypercalcemia
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- Hyposecretion
Hypoparathyroidism
Muscle and nerve weakness
Tetany
Hypocalcemia
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86
PATHOLOGY—ADRENAL CORTEX
- Hypersecretion
+ Adrenal virilism
Amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, voice deepening
+ Cushing syndrome
Obesity, moonface, thoracic fat deposition
- Hyposecretion
+ Addison disease
Deficient mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure
87
PATHOLOGY—ADRENAL MEDULLA
- Hypersecretion
+ Pheochromocytoma
- Benign tumor of adrenal medulla
- Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of the face, and muscle spasms
88
PATHOLOGY—PANCREAS
- Hypersecretion
+ Hyperinsulinism
Hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting
- Hyposecretion
+ Diabetes mellitus
Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells
Type 1 : childhood onset, typically; can occur in adulthood
Type 2 : adult onset, typically
89
Pathology Pituitary Gland: (Anterior Lobe)
- Hypersecretion
+ Acromegaly
+ Gigantism
- Hyposecretion
+ Dwarfism
+ Panhypopituitarism
90
Pathology Pituitary Gland: (Posterior Lobe)
- Hypersecretion
+ Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Excess ADH
Excess water retention
- Hyposecretion
+ Diabetes insipidus
Deficient ADH
Polyuria and polydipsia
91
Laboratory Tests
- Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
- > Measures circulating glucose in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours
- Serum and urine tests
- > Measures hormones, electrolytes, glucose, etc., in blood and urine as indicators of endocrine function
- Thyroid function tests
- > Measures T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream
92
Clinical Procedures
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Exophthalmometry
Computed tomography (CT) scan
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head
Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)
Thyroid scan
Ultrasound examination
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Exophthalmometry
Computed tomography (CT) scan
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head
Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)
Thyroid scan
Ultrasound examination
```
