Chap 19 Cancer Medicine (Oncology) Flashcards
Cancer:
Malignant tumors:
- Cancer: characterized by unrestrained and excessive growth of cells
+ Think of a switch that gets turned on and can’t get turned off. - Malignant tumors: compress, invade, and destroy surrounding tissues
+ They do not ‘eat away’ anything-they invade
Cancer
- Bad News: Cancer is responsible for 20% of all deaths in the United States.
- Good News: More than half of people who develop cancer are cured.
Which cancers are the most common causes of cancer death for women?
Lung, breast, colorectal
Lung, colorectal, breast
Breast, lung, colorectal
Colorectal, breast, lung
. A For women, it is lung, breast, then colorectal
that are the most common causes of death from cancer
Which cancers are the most common causes of cancer death for men?
Lung, prostate, colorectal
Lung, colorectal, prostate
Prostate, lung, colorectal
Colorectal, prostate, lung
B. For men it is lung, colorectal, then prostate
that are the most common causes of cancer death for men.
- Characteristics of Tumors
Neoplasms (tumors):
Neoplasms (tumors): growths that arise from normal tissue
Malignant
\+ Multiply rapidly
\+ Invasive and infiltrative
\+ Undifferentiated
\+ Metastasize
Benign
\+ Grow slowly
\+ Encapsulated
\+ Differentiated
\+ Don’t spread
Invasive: xam lan, infiltrative: tham nhiem; Undifferentiated: vo dinh hinh; Metastasize: gay di can
What Causes Cancer?
Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis: transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous one
- Damage to genetic material
DNA function
Mitosis : su phan bao
Protein synthesis : su tong hop protein
Nucleotides :
Genes
Mutation : dot bien
- Carcinogenesis
- Environmental agents
\+ Chemical carcinogens
\+ Radiation
\+ Viruses (RNA and DNA)
\+ Oncogenes (ras/colon cancer, myc/lymphoma, and bcr-abl/chronic myelogenous leukemia)
- Heredity
+ Retinoblastoma, polyposis coli, Wilm’s tumors, Ewing’s sarcomas
Retinoblastoma: ung thu vong mac; Wilm’s tumors: ung thu than o tre em; Ewing’s sarcomas: ung thu xuong
Classification of Cancerous Tumors
Carcinomas:
Carcinomas: epithelial cell origin, 90% of all malignancies are carcinomas
Carcinomas: ung thu bieu mo
- CARCINOMAS AND THE EPITHELIAL TISSUES FROM WHICH THEY DERIVE (CONT’D
- Lung:
- Adenocarcinoma ( bronchioloalveolar)
- Large cell carcinoma
- Small (oat) cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell (epidermoid)
- Reproductive organs:
- Adenocarcinoma of uterus
- Carcinoma of the penis
- Choriocarcinoma of the uterus or testes
- Cystadenocarcinoma (mucinous or serous) of the overies
- Seminoma and embryonalcell carcinoma (testes)
- Squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma of vagina or cervix
- Skin:
- Basal cell layer: basal cell carcinoma
- Melanocyte: malignant melanoma
- Squamous cell layer: squamous cell carcinoma
CLASSIFICATION OF CANCEROUS TUMORS (CONT’D)
- Sarcomas
Sarcomas: connective tissue origin, 5% of all malignancies
CLASSIFICATION OF CANCEROUS TUMORS (CONT’D)
Mixed tissue tumors:
Mixed tissue tumors: tissues capable of differentiating into epithelial and connective tissue
- Pathological DescriptionsGross (without microscopy)
Cystic
Fungating
Inflammatory
Medullary
Necrotic
Polypoid
Ulcerating
Verrucous
Cystic-ovarian : nang buong trung
Fungating-colon : bieu mo da day
Inflammatory-breast:
Medullary-thyroid and breast : uyen giap dang tuy va nguc
Necrotic-loss of blood supply : hoai tu
Polypoid-colon: u loi o ruot
Ulcerating-stomach: loet da day
Verrucous-wartlike (gingiva): mun coc (nuu rang)
- Pathological DescriptionsMicroscopic
Alveolar
Carcinoma in situ
Diffuse
Dysplastic
Epidermoid
Follicular
Nodular
Papillary
Pleomorphic
Scirrhous
Undifferentiated
Alveolar (a): tui khi
-> tumor cells form patterns resembling small sacs ( muscle, bone, fat, cartilage)
Carcinoma in situ : ung thu tai cho
-> referring to localized tumor cells that have not invaded adjacent. (Cervix)
Diffuse (a,v): khuyet tan, lan ra
-> spreading evenly throughout the affected tissue ( Lymphomas)
Dysplastic (a): loan san
-> containing abnormal- appearing cells that are not clearly cancerous ( nevi, moles on skin)
Epidermoid (a): dang bieu mo
-> resembling squamous epithelial cells (thin, plate-like) (respiratory tract)
Follicular (a): co nang
-> Forming small glandular sacs. ( thyroid gland cancer, lymphomas)
Nodular (a): co nhieu u nho
Papillary (a): co hinh nhu’ len
-> forming small, finger like or nipple-like projections of cells). (Thyroid cancer)
Pleomorphic (a): co nhieu hinh dang
-> composed of a variety of types of cells. ( mixed cell tumors)
Scirrhous (a): thuoc khoi u cung
-> densely packed tumors, due to dense bands of fibrous tissue ( breast , stomach cancer)
Undifferentiated (a): khong phan biet duoc
-> lacking microscopic structures typical of normal cancers
- Grading and Staging of Tumors
Grade: degree of maturity or differentiation under the microscope
Stage: extent of spread in the body
- International TNM Staging System for Lung Cancer
Primary tumor (T) Tis Tx T1 T2 T3 T4
Regional Lymph Node N0 N1 N2 N3
Distant metastasis
M0
M1
TNM: tumor-node-metastasis
Primary tumor (T)
Tis : Carcinoma in situ.
Tx : Positive malignant cytologic findings, no lesion observed.
T1 : Tumor 3 cm diameter or associated-obstructive pneumopathy.
T3 : Tumor with direct extension into the chest wall, diaphragm, mediastinum, pleura, or pericardium.
T4 : Tumor invades the mediastinum or presence of malignant pleural effusion
Regional Lymph Node
N0 : No node involvement
N1 : Ipsilateral ( same side as for the primary tumor) bronchopulmonary or hilar nodes involved.
N2 : Ipsilateral mediastinal nodes or ligament involved.
N3 : Contralateral mediastinal, hilar node, supraclavicular (collarbone) nodes involved.
Distant metastasis
M0 : No metastasis
M1 : Metastases present with site specified (e.g., brain, liver)
