Chapter 20: Radio Flashcards
Radiology:
X-rays:
Nuclear medicine:
- Radiology: medical specialty concerned with the study of x-rays and other technologies (such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance) to produce and interpret images of the human body for diagnosis of disease
- X-rays: invisible waves of energy
- Nuclear medicine: use of radioactive substances in the diagnosis of disease
- Personnel in This Medical Field
- Radiologist:
- Nuclear physician:
- Radiologic technologists
- Radiologist: MD-Reads x-rays and determines radiation therapy dosing
- Nuclear physician: MD-Reads and orders Scans
- Radiologic technologists
+ Radiographers, nuclear medicine technologists, sonographers
Characteristics of X-rays :
Expose photographic plates
Penetrate substances :
Invisible
Travel in straight lines
Scatter : su phan tan, su rai ra
Ionization
Diagnostic Techniques
X-Ray studies
- Digital radiography
- Computed tomography (CT)
- Contrast studies
+ Barium sulfate: upper GI, lower GI
+ Iodine compounds: angiography, arthrography, cholangiography, digital subtraction angiography (DSA), hysterosalpingography, myelography, pyelography
Diagnostic Techniques (cont’d)
- Fluoroscopy
- Digital imaging techniques
- Interventional radiology
- Ultrasound
- Magnetic imaging or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI or MR)
- X-ray Positioning
Posteroanterior (PA) view
posterior source to anterior detector
- X-ray Positioning
Anteroposterior (AP) view:
anterior source to posterior detector
X-ray Positioning (cont’d)
Lateral view:
in left lateral view, source at right of patient, to detector at left of patient
X-ray Positioning (cont’d)
Oblique view:
source slanting direction at angle from perpendicular plane
- X-ray Positioning (cont’d)
To describe the position of patient:
Abduction Adduction Eversion Extension Flexion
Abduction—movement away from the midline
Adduction—movement toward the midline
Eversion—turning outward
Extension—lengthening or straightening a flexed limb
Flexion—bending a part of the body
- X-ray Positioning (cont’d)
To describe the position of patient:
Lateral decubitus
Prone
Recumbent
Supine
Lateral decubitus—lying down on the side
Prone—lying on the belly (face down)
Recumbent—lying down (prone or supine)
Supine—lying on the back (face up)
- Obstructing the passage of x-rays:
radiopaque
radiolucent
radioisotope
radiopharmaceutical
a. radiopaque
- Nuclear Medicine
- Radionuclides/radioisotopes
+ Alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays - Nuclear medicine tests
+ In vitro: test tube
+ In vivo: in the body
- In Vitro Procedures
Analysis of blood and urine
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) uses radioactive chemicals and antibodies to detect hormones and drugs in the patient’s blood (for example, digitalis detection, hypothyroidism in newborns).
- In Vivo Procedures
Radioactive substance given directly to patient to evaluate organ function or image
- Radiopharmaceutical (labeled compound) concentrates in organ
- Scintiscanner (gamma camera) detection instrument produces picture (scintiscan)
- Procedures Using Radionuclides
- Bone scan
- Lymphoscintigraphy
- Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
- PET/CT scan
- Single-photon emission 3D computed tomography (SPECT)
- Technetium Tc-99m sestamibi (Cardiolite) scan
- Thallium 201 (Tl) scan
- Thyroid scan
- Focus on PET Scan
- Radioisotopes (emission of positrons) instead of contrast x-rays
- Intravenous injection.
- Concentrates radioisotopes in tissues where the radionuclide is or is not being metabolized
- Useful in treating stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer disease, brain tumors, abdominal and pulmonary malignancies
Focus on SPECT
- Intravenous injection of radioactive tracer
- Computer reconstruction of 3-D image based on many views
- Detects liver tumors, cardiac ischemia, diseases of bone and spine
- DICOM
DICOM — Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine: is the international standard for medical images and related information (ISO 12052).
It defines the formats and protocols for medical images that can be exchanged with the data and quality necessary for clinical use.
- radiopaque
Obstructing the passage of x-rays
- radiopharmaceutical
Radioactive drug used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes
- scan
Image of an area, organ or tissue of the body obtained from ultrasound, radioactive tracer studies, CT, or MRI
- scintigraphy
Diagnostic nuclear medicine test using radiopharmaceuticals and gamma cameras to create images
Which of the following is a handheld device that sends and receives ultrasound signals?
Gamma camera
Roentgenology
Radioisotope
Transducer
d.Transducer
