CHapter 21 Pharmacology Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Introduction
Drugs: Obtained from various sources: - Plants: - Animals: - Synthesized in lab:
A
Drugs: medicines/substances used to prevent or treat a condition or disease
Obtained from various sources:
- Plants: for example, digitalis - Animals: for example, hormones - Synthesized in lab: for example, methotrexate
2
Q
Pharmacology Professionals
- Pharmacist (PharmD)
- Pharmacologist (MD or PhD)
- Subspecialties include:
A
- Pharmacist (PharmD)
- Pharmacologist (MD or PhD)
- Subspecialties include:
+ Medicinal chemistry (synthesize new drugs)
+ Molecular pharmacology (interaction of drugs and subcellular structures)
+ Chemotherapy (drugs that destroy microorganisms, parasites, malignant cells)
+ Toxicology (harmful effects of drugs and antidotes)
3
Q
- Biological Effects of Drugs
A
- Pharmacodynamics: study of a drug’s effects in the body
- Pharmacokinetics: study of a drug’s absorption, distribution into body compartments, metabolism, and excretion over a period
4
Q
Which term means below the skin?
Intravenous
Subcutaneous
Intracavity
Transdermal
A
B: subcutaneous.
5
Q
- Drug Names, Standards, and References
A
- Chemical name: exact chemical makeup
- Generic name: legal and scientific name
- Brand name: trademark of drug manufacturer
Ex:
- Chemical name: 6-aminopenicillanic acid
- Generic name: ampicillin
- Brand name: Omnipen, Polycillin
6
Q
- Drug Standards and References
A
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
- Hospital Formulary
- Physicians’ Desk Reference® (PDR®)
7
Q
- Administration of Drugs
A
- Oral-(PO)
- Sublingual-SL
- Rectal-R
- Parenteral:
+ Intracavitary injection
+ Intradermal injection (ID)
+ Intramuscular injection (IM)
+ Intrathecal injection-think spinal
+ Intravenous injection-IV
+ Subcutaneous injection (SC) - Inhalation
- Topical
8
Q
- Terminology of Drug Action
A
- Receptor: target of drug
- Action and interaction of drugs in the body:
- Combination of two drugs
+ Additive action-1+1=2
+ Antagonistic-works against
+ Synergistic-1+1=3 (potentiation)
- Combination of two drugs
- Other actions of drugs
- Tolerance-waning action over time
- Addiction-pt is physically or psychologically in need of the drug
9
Q
- Means that the combination of two drugs is greater than the total effects of each drug by itself:
synergism (potentiation)
tolerance
additive action
idiosyncrasy
A
A: synergism.
10
Q
- Drug Toxicity
A
- Unwanted and potentially dangerous effects of drugs
- Idiosyncrasy (unexpected and uncommon; e.g., anaphylaxis)
- Iatrogenic (produced by treatment-hair loss)
- Side effects (routine, often tolerable, reversible when drug is discontinued-dry mouth)
- Contraindications (dangerous and ill-advised usw-pregnancy)
Resistance (lack of beneficial response)
11
Q
- Classes of Drugs
A
Analgesics Anesthetics Antibiotics and antivirals Anticoagulants Anticonvulsants Antidepressants Antidiabetics Antihistamines Antiosteoporosis Cardiovascular Endocrine Gastrointestinal Respiratory Sedative-hypnotics Stimulants Tranquilizers
12
Q
OCC PROGRAM SPECIFIC DRUGS
A
- The majority of your OCC ALH programs will cover pharmacology and have program specific drugs that must be mastered.
- Some programs require Pharmacology to be taken as a mandatory class.
- Recommended for all health care workers!
13
Q
- Cardiovascular
A
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
- Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
- Antiarrhythmics
- Beta-blockers
- Calcium antagonists or calcium channel blockers
- Cholesterol-lowering drugs
- Diuretics
14
Q
- Endocrine Drugs
A
- Androgens
- Antiandrogens
- Estrogens
- Antiestrogen
- Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
- Progestins
- Thyroid hormone
- Glucocorticoids
15
Q
- Gastrointestinal Drugs
A
- Antacids
- Antiulcer (e.g., histamine receptor blockers)
- Antidiarrheal
- Cathartics (laxatives or purgatives)
- Antinauseants (antiemetics)
16
Q
addiction
A
Physical and psychological dependence on and craving for a drug
17
Q
additive action
A
Drug action in which the combination of two similar drugs in equal to the sum of the effects of each
18
Q
aerosol
A
Particles of drug suspended in air
19
Q
anaphylaxis
A
Exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered drug or foreign protein
May be local or systemic
20
Q
antagonistic action
A
Combination of two drugs gives less than an additive effect
21
Q
antidote
A
Agent given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug
22
Q
brand name
A
Commercial name for a drug; trademark or trade name-look for ® sign
23
Q
buccal
A
Against cheek
24
Q
chemical name
A
Chemical formula for a drug
25
contraindications
Factors that prevent the use of a drug or treatment
26
controlled substances
Drugs that produce tolerance and dependence and have potential for abuse or addiction
27
dependence
Prolonged use of a drug that may lead to a physiologic need for its actions in the body
28
dose
Amount of drug administered
29
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
U.S. government agency with legal responsibility to enforce proper drug manufacture and clinical use
30
generic name
Legal noncommercial name for a drug
31
iatrogenic
Condition caused by treatment given by physicians or medical personnel
32
idiosyncratic reaction
Unexpected effect produced in a particularly sensitive patient, but not seen in most people
33
inhalation
Administration of drugs in gaseous or vapor form through the nose or mouth
34
medicinal chemistry
Study of new drug synthesis
35
molecular pharmacology
Study of interaction of drugs and their target molecules
36
oral administration
Drugs are given by mouth
37
parenteral administration
Drugs are given by injection into the skin, muscles, or veins-OUTSIDE OF THE GI tract
38
pharmacist
Specialist in preparing and dispensing drugs
39
pharmacy
Location for preparing and dispensing drugs; also the study of preparing and dispensing drugs
40
pharmacodynamics
Study of drug effects within the body
41
pharmacokinetics
Study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion over a period of time
42
pharmacologist
Specialist in the study of properties, uses, and side effects of drugs
43
pharmacology
Study of the preparation, properties, uses, and side effects of drug
44
Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR)
Reference book that lists drug products-PAID ADVERTISMENT
45
receptor
Target substance with which a drug interacts in the body
46
rectal administration
Drugs are inserted through the anus into the rectum
47
resistance
Lack of beneficial response
48
response
Desired and beneficial effect of a drug
49
schedule
Exact timing and frequency of drug administration
50
side effect
Adverse reaction, usually minor, that routinely results from use of a drug
51
sublingual administration
Drugs are given by placement under the tongue
52
synergism
Combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone
53
syringe
Instrument for introducing or withdrawing fluids from the body
54
tolerance
Larger and larger drug doses must be given to achieve the desired effect
55
topical application
Drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body
56
toxicity
Harmful effects of a drug
57
toxicology
Study of harmful chemicals and their effects on the body
58
transport
Movement of a drug across a cell membrane into body cells
59
United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
Authoritative list of drugs, formulas, and preparations that sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing
60
vitamin
Substance found in foods and essential in small quantities for growth and good health
61
aer/o
air
62
alges/o
sensitivity to pain
63
bronch/o
bronchial tube
64
chem/o
drug
65
cras/o
mixture
66
cutane/o
skin
67
erg/o
work
68
esthes/o
feeling, sensation
69
hist/o
tissue
70
hypn/o
sleep
71
iatr/o
treatment
72
lingu/o
tongue
73
myc/o
mold, fungus
74
narc/o
stupor
75
or/o
mouth
76
pharmac/o
drug
77
prurit/o
itching
78
pyret/o
fever
79
thec/o
sheath (of brain and spinal cord)
80
tox/o
poison
81
toxic/o
poison
82
vas/o
vessel
83
ven/o
vein
84
vit/o
life
85
ana-
upward,
86
anti-
against
87
contra-
against, opposite
88
par-
other than, apart
89
syn-
together, with
90
```
a.c., ac
ACE
ad lib
APAP
ARB
b.i.d., bid
c-
Caps
Cc
FDA
```
```
a.c., ac: Before meals
ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme
ad lib: Freely, as desired
APAP: Acetaminophen
ARB: Angiotensin II receptor blocker
b.i.d., bid: Two times a day
c-: With
Caps: Capsules
Cc: Cubic centimeter
FDA: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
```
91
```
gm, g
gtt
h
h.s., hs
H2 blocker
HRT
IM
INH
IV
MAOI
```
```
gm, g: Gram
gtt: Drops
h: Hour
h.s., hs: At bedtime
H2 blocker: Histamine h2 receptor antagonist
HRT: Hormone replacement therapy
IM: Intramuscular
INH: Isoniazid-antituberculosis agent
IV: Intravenous
MAOI: Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
```
92
```
mg
ml, mL
NPO
NSAID
p-
p.c., pc
PCA
PDR
PO, p.o. po
p.r.n., prn
```
```
mg: Milligram
ml, mL: Milliliter
NPO: Nothing by mouth
NSAID: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
p-: After
p.c., pc: After meals
PCA: Patient-controlled analgesia
PDR: Physicians’ Desk Reference
PO, p.o. po: By mouth
p.r.n., prn: As needed, as necessary
```
93
```
Pt
q
q.h., qh
q2h
q.i.d., qid
q.s.,qs
qAM
qPM
Rx
s-
```
```
Pt: Patient
q: Every
q.h., qh: Every hour
q2h: Every 2 hours
q.i.d., qid: Four times a day
q.s.,qs: Sufficient quantity
qAM: Every morning
qPM: Every evening
Rx: Prescription
s-: Without
```
94
```
SERM
Sig.
SL
s.o.s.
SSRI
SQ
tab
TCA
t.i.d.,tid
```
SERM: Selective estrogen receptor modulator
Sig.: Directions – how to take medication
SL: Sublingual
s.o.s.: If it is necessary
SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
SQ: Subcutaneous
tab: Tablet
TCA: Tricyclic antidepressant
t.i.d.,tid: Three times daily
