Chapter 10 How Cells Divide Flashcards by Victor Reyes

The chromosome number in the body cells of most eukaryotic species falls within which range?

Multiple choice question.

10 and 30

10 and 50

1 and 10

1 and 50

10 and 50

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The cells of many eukaryotic organisms contain two sets of chromosomes and are said to contain a
___
number of chromosomes.

diploid

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A karyotype is a visual representation of an individual’s Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

gametes

chromosomes

genes

alleles

chromosomes

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Chromosomes are composed of chromatin which is a complex of DNA and which of the following?

Multiple choice question.

Protein

Carbohydrates

Glycolipids

Lipids

Protein

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The haploid and diploid number of chromosomes in an organism are usually represented as Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

n for the haploid number, and 2n for the diploid number

2n for the haploid number, and n for the diploid number

x for the haploid number, and 2x for the diploid number

2x for the haploid number, and x for the diploid number

n for the haploid number, and n+n for the diploid number

n for the haploid number, and 2n for the diploid number

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Identify the diploid number of chromosomes in humans.

Multiple choice question.

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In a diploid eukaryotic cell, a pair of chromosomes, one maternal and the other paternal, are known as being
____chromosomes. Each chromosome in a pair is termed a(n)
____

Field 1: homologous
Field 2: homologue

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A visual representation of the number, size, and shape of chromosomes is called a Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

DNA fingerprint

PCR

genotype

karyotype

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In a eukaryotic cell, each nucleosome core is separated from the next one by a variable length of DNA of 20-80 bp called
___
DNA.

linker

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Recent studies have determined that chromatin is organized into territories which contain individual chromosomes. Within these territories, certain genomic regions interact to form topologically
___
____
, or TADs.

associated domains

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Histone proteins have a positive charge due to an abundance of which of the following amino acids?

Multiple select question.

Glycine

Glutamic acid

Lysine

Arginine

Lysine

Arginine

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What is the haploid number of chromosomes in humans?

Multiple choice question.

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A nondividing nucleus typically contains active and inactive domains of chromatin. The active domains are referred to as
____
, while the inactive ones are called
____
.

Field 1: euchromatin
Field 2: heterochromatin

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In a homologous pair of chromosomes, what is the origin of each chromosome?

Multiple choice question.

They are either both paternal, or both maternal (depends on the particular pair).

One is original and one is a copy produced during replication.

One is paternal and one is maternal.

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In eukaryotic chromatin, topologically associated domains (TADs) are composed of loops of DNA that are anchored by two proteins: the CTCF and the
____
complex of proteins.

cohesin

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After DNA replication each condensed chromosome is made of two identical halves called
_____ _______
.

sister

chromatids

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Nucleosomes are composed of
____ and ___ proteins

DNA and histone proteins

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Condensin and cohesin are SMC proteins that Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

increase the coiling of DNA around nucleosomes

unravel DNA from nucleosomes

remove loops from DNA

can induce DNA to form loops

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When DNA replicates, the sister chromatids are held together at their centromeres by which of the following complex of proteins?

Multiple choice question.

Condensin

Adhesins

Cohesins

DNA polymerases

Cohesins

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In multicellular eukaryotic organisms, the production of new cells follows a highly regulated sequence of growth, DNA replication, and division. This sequence is referred to as the cell ____
, which consists of the G1, S, G2, and M phases.

cycle

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In a cell’s life, cell growth occurs primarily during what phase?

Multiple choice question.

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During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes replicated?

Multiple choice question.

G2
phase

S phase

M phase

G1
phase

S phase

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In the eukaryotic cell cycle, what is the name of the phase that occurs after the replication of DNA and before the start of mitosis?

Multiple choice question.

Metaphase

Interphase

Cytokinesis

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Question Mode
Multiple Choice Question
In which phase of the cell cycle does the cytoplasm divide to produce two distinct daughter cells?

Multiple choice question.

Interphase

Cytokinesis

Metaphase

Cytokinesis

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In the cell cycle, the M phase consists of ____ (division of the nucleus) and _____ (the cell divides into two daughter cells).

mitosis cytokinesis

In actively dividing cells, the G1, S, and G2 phases are collectively known as which of the following? Multiple choice question. Metaphase Prophase Interphase Anaphase

Interphase

Typically, a dividing mammalian cell completes its cell cycle in about how many hours? Multiple choice question. 100 hours 2 hours 8 hours 72 hours 24 hours

24 hours

At any given time, most of the cells in an animal's body are in a resting phase called the ___ phase.

Animal embryonic cells complete the cell cycle in less than ___ minutes. The shortest cell cycle is found in embryonic cells of the fruit flies: ___ minutes.

20 , 8

In animal cells, centrioles are replicated during which phase of the cell cycle? Multiple choice question. S G1 G0 G2

Which is the first stage of mitosis? Multiple choice question. Anaphase Metaphase Telophase Prometaphase Prophase

Prophase

Condensation of chromosomes is initiated in the _____ phase of interphase and continues until the end of prophase.

Which structures, typical of animal cells, are replicated during the G2 phase? Multiple choice question. Kinetochores Centrioles Centromeres Sister chromatids

Centrioles

Which of the following organelles reabsorbs the components of the nuclear membrane as it breaks down during prophase of mitosis? Multiple choice question. Endoplasmic reticulum Plasma membrane Lysosome Golgi apparatus

Endoplasmic reticulum

Condensation of chromosomes continues throughout which phase of mitosis? Multiple choice question. Metaphase Prophase Telophase

Prophase

During prometaphase, which protein complex on each sister chromatid attaches to the spindle? Multiple choice question. Kinetochore Centriole Centromere

Kinetochore

By the end of the G2 phase in an animal cell, sister chromatids are still connected by cohesins which are only present at the ___

centromere

Which cell type relies on centrioles to form the spindle apparatus during mitosis? Multiple choice question. Animal Plant All eukaryotic cells Bacterial

Animal

During the formation of the spindle apparatus which of the following must break down? Multiple choice question. Plasma membrane Nuclear membrane Golgi apparatus Mitochondria

Nuclear membrane

How do chromosomes move to the equator of the cell during prometaphase? Multiple choice question. Because the nucleus of the cell is typically positioned in the equator of the cell prior to mitosis, the chromosomes are released at that location when the nuclear envelope breaks down. They slowly diffuse towards the equator which is devoid of organelles. They are pulled simultaneously toward the two poles of the cell because each kinetochore in a pair of sister chromatids is connected to the opposite pole.

They are pulled simultaneously toward the two poles of the cell because each kinetochore in a pair of sister chromatids is connected to the opposite pole.

During ____ the chromosomes are aligned midway between the spindle poles.

metaphase

The metaphase plate is Blank______. Multiple choice question. perpendicular to the axis of the spindle and located halfway between the poles parallel to the axis of the spindle and located near one of the poles perpendicular to the axis of the spindle and located near one of the poles parallel to the axis of the spindle and located halfway between the pole

perpendicular to the axis of the spindle and located halfway between the poles

Two centriole pairs establish a bridge of microtubules which form the ____ ____ during prophase.

spindle apparatus

Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. The shortest stage of mitosis is ___

anaphase

During ___ of mitosis, the centromeres of sister chromatids split apart allowing sister chromatids to move away from each other.

anaphase

During metaphase, the microtubules attached to the centromere region of the condensed chromosomes are which of the following types of microtubules? Multiple choice question. Kinetochore Polar Aster Centromere

Kinetochore

During anaphase Blank______, sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles as their kinetochore microtubules, which are attached to the poles, are shortened. Multiple choice question. B A

The key event in anaphase is the removal of Blank______ proteins from the centromeres of sister chromatids. Multiple choice question. condensin cohesin SMC histone

cohesin

When is the spindle apparatus broken down? Multiple choice question. Anaphase Metaphase Prophase Telophase

Telophase

During telophase, a Blank______ forms around each set of sister chromatids. Multiple choice question. centromere nuclear envelope kinetochore

nuclear envelope

During the stage of mitosis known as ___ chromosomes uncoil into extended forms that will permit gene expression.

telophase

The cleavage furrow of animal cells is formed with the help of a constricting belt made of the protein ___ .

actin

Cytokinesis in animal cells involves the formation of a ____ furrow around the cell.

cleavage

During cytokinesis in plants, what coats the newly formed cell plate? Multiple choice question. Lipids Chitin Cellulose Proteins

Cellulose

If necessary (e.g., if DNA is damaged), the cell cycle can be arrested at specific points called Blank______. Multiple choice question. cyclins checkpoints phases CDKs

checkpoints

During cytokinesis in plants, the newly formed cell plate is coated with ___ to create two new cell walls. At this point the space between the two daughter cells is called the middle ___ .

Field 1: cellulose Field 2: lamella

Which of the following checkpoints is the primary checkpoint at which external signals can influence the cell cycle? Multiple choice question. Spindle checkpoint G1/S checkpoint G2/M checkpoint Cytokinesis

G1/S checkpoint

The two main classes of cancer causing genes are ___ and tumor-suppressor genes.

oncogenes

proto - oncogenes are normal cellular genes that become oncogenic when mutated.

Nucleosomes are composed of ____ and ____ proteins.

DNA and Histone

In animal cells, centrioles are replicated during which phase of the cell cycle? Multiple choice question. G0 G2 S G1

During Blank______, microtubules slide past each other pulling the poles anchored to them, and the chromosomes attached to the poles, away from the center of the cell. Multiple choice question. metaphase B anaphase B anaphase A metaphase A

anaphase B

What usually occurs during the G1 phase? Multiple choice question. Cells are replicating DNA Cells are dividing What usually occurs during the G1 phase? Multiple choice question. Cells are replicating DNA Cells are dividing Cells are growing

What usually occurs during the G1 phase? Multiple choice question. Cells are replicating DNA Cells are dividing Cells are growing

Recharge Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. During the G2 phase of the cell cycle in the cell of a multicellular animal, the cohesins along the arms of two sister chromatids are replaced by _____

condensins

If necessary (e.g., if DNA is damaged), the cell cycle can be arrested at specific points called Blank______. Multiple choice question. CDKs phases cyclins checkpoints

checkpoints

Recharge Question Mode Multiple Choice Question What type of genes were discovered in viruses and can cause a malignant transformation when introduced into a cell? Multiple choice question. Tumor-initiator genes Tumor-supressor genes Oncogenes

Oncogenes

Recharge Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct Proto-oncogenes are Blank______. Multiple choice question. normal cellular genes that have been acquired by a cancer-causing virus normal cellular genes that become oncogenic when mutated essential viral genes that become oncogenic when mutated

normal cellular genes that become oncogenic when mutated

One role of the p53 protein is to regulate cell division when damaged Blank______ is detected. Multiple choice question. cell membranes DNA protein RNA

DNA

Recharge Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct What is the normal role of the Rb gene in cells? Multiple choice question. It's a pocket protein that binds other proteins and prevents them from stimulating the cell to divide. It is a phosphatase that dephosphorylates several Cdks, therefore halting the cell cycle. It's a cyclin that can bind several Cdks during the initial stages of cell division.

It's a pocket protein that binds other proteins and prevents them from stimulating the cell to divide.

In animal cells, centrioles are replicated during which phase of the cell cycle? Multiple choice question. S G2 G0 G1

Recharge Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct What is "assessed" by the cell during the spindle checkpoint? Multiple choice question. That all chromosomes are correctly attached to the spindle That the spindle has the correct number of microtubules That all chromosomes are condensed prior to attaching to the spindle

That all chromosomes are correctly attached to the spindle

Recharge Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. The part of the cell cycle that is subdivided into five phases, during which the spindle apparatus assembles, binds to chromosomes, and moves sister chromatids apart, is _____ .

mitosis

After completing mitosis, cells divide into two daughter cells. This phase of the cell cycle is called Blank______. Multiple choice question. cytokinesis G3 telophase cleavage

cytokinesis

Fill in the blank question. The p53 gene plays a key role in the G1/S checkpoint and its loss of function can result in ____ .

cancer

What is the haploid number of chromosomes in humans? Multiple choice question. 69 92 46 23

Recharge Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct In a homologous pair of chromosomes, what is the origin of each chromosome? Multiple choice question. One is paternal and one is maternal. One is original and one is a copy produced during replication. They are either both paternal, or both maternal (depends on the particular pair). Correct Answer

One is paternal and one is maternal.

The structural maintenance of chromosome proteins condensin and cohesin interact with DNA and seem to be able to induce it to form ____

loops

Which structures, typical of animal cells, are replicated during the G2 phase? Multiple choice question. Centromeres Centrioles Sister chromatids Kinetochores

Centrioles

Recharge Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct Which cell type relies on centrioles to form the spindle apparatus during mitosis? Multiple choice question. Animal All eukaryotic cells Plant Bacterial

Animal

During cell division, the two complete daughter cells are produced after the cell undergoes which of the following? Multiple choice question. Telophase Anaphase Cytokinesis Metaphase

Anaphase

What type of cancer causing gene normally acts as a "brake" on the cell cycle, but loses this function when mutated? Multiple choice question. A cyclin gene A tumor-suppressor gene An oncogene A proto-oncogene

A tumor-suppressor gene

Recharge Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. The cells of many eukaryotic organisms contain two sets of chromosomes and are said to contain a _____ number of chromosomes.

diploid

A karyotype is a visual representation of an individual's Blank______. Multiple choice question. gametes genes chromosomes alleles

chromosomes

Chromosomes are composed of chromatin which is a complex of DNA and which of the following? Multiple choice question. Protein Lipids Glycolipids Carbohydrates

Protein

Recharge Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. A nondividing nucleus typically contains active and inactive domains of chromatin. The active domains are referred to as _____ while the inactive ones are called ___

euchromatin and heterochromatin

After DNA replication each condensed chromosome is made of two identical halves called ____ ______

sister chromatids

Recharge Answer Mode Fill in the Blank QuestionYour Answer incorrect Fill in the blank question. In order to cause cancer, both alleles of a tumor ______ - _______ gene must lose function (usually through mutation).

tumor suppressor

During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes replicated? Multiple choice question. G1 phase G2 phase M phase S phase

During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes replicated? Multiple choice question. G1 phase G2 phase incorrect M phase S phase

In an actively dividing eukaryotic cell, the G1, S, and G2 phases collectively constitute the ____

interphase

In which phase of the cell cycle does the cytoplasm divide to produce two distinct daughter cells? Multiple choice question. G2 Metaphase Cytokinesis Interphase

Cytokinesis

Which of the following phases in the cell cycle is considered a resting phase? Multiple choice question. G2 G1 G0

While preparing to divide, the cell grows and copies its chromosomes during which stage? Multiple choice question. Anaphase Interphase Telophase Metaphase

Interphase

Which is the first stage of mitosis? Multiple choice question. Prophase Anaphase Telophase Metaphase Prometaphase

Prophase

Recharge Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. Condensation of chromosomes is initiated in the ____ phase of interphase and continues until the end of prophase.

Which of the following organelles reabsorbs the components of the nuclear membrane as it breaks down during prophase of mitosis? Multiple choice question. Lysosome Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane

Endoplasmic reticulum

During prometaphase, which protein complex on each sister chromatid attaches to the spindle? Multiple choice question. Centromere Kinetochore Centriole

Kinetochore

While preparing to divide, the cell grows and copies its chromosomes during which stage? Multiple choice question. Telophase Metaphase Anaphase Interphase

Interphase

The pairs of sister chromatids align themselves in a single row along a plane half-way between the poles during which phase of mitosis? Multiple choice question. Prometaphase Cytokinesis Telophase Metaphase

Metaphase

The metaphase plate is Blank______. Multiple choice question. parallel to the axis of the spindle and located near one of the poles perpendicular to the axis of the spindle and located near one of the poles parallel to the axis of the spindle and located halfway between the poles perpendicular to the axis of the spindle and located halfway between the poles

perpendicular to the axis of the spindle and located halfway between the poles

Which of the following is the shortest stage of mitosis? Multiple choice question. Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Prophase

Anaphase

At the beginning of which phase do the centromeres of sister chromatids split apart allowing sister chromatids to separate from each other? Multiple choice question. Telophase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase

Anaphase

When is the spindle apparatus broken down? Multiple choice question. Prophase Anaphase Metaphase Telophase

Telophase