Chapter Four Cell Structure Flashcards by Victor Reyes

What membrane-bound structures prevent excess water buildup in some protists by expanding as water enters the cell, then contracting and expelling their contents to the exterior of the cell?

Multiple choice question.

Contractile vacuole

Food vacuole

Lysosomes

Glyoxysomes

Peroxisomes

Contractile vacuole

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Which of the following proteins are found in bacteria and act similarly to cytoskeletal proteins in eukaryotic cells?

Multiple select question.

Actin

MreB

mRNA

α tubulin

FtsZ

MreB
FtsZ

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Hydrophobic lipids are made soluble in the cytoplasm by being coated with
_____The result is a lipid droplet.

phospholipid

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Vacuoles function in plant cells in which of the following capacities?

Multiple select question.

They segregate toxic materials.

They store items.

They deal with tonicity.

They perform biosynthesis.

They participate in ATP synthesis.

They segregate toxic materials.

They store items.

They deal with tonicity.

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During the contraction of muscle cells, which fiber is used?

Multiple choice question.

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

Actin

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Choose all the variables that affect the rate of diffusion of a substance through the plasma membrane.

Multiple select question.

The thickness of the membrane

The pH inside the cell

The concentration gradient of the substance

The temperature

The surface area of the membrane

The amount of ATP in the cell

The thickness of the membrane

The concentration gradient of the substance

The temperature

The surface area of the membrane

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Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between a cell’s surface area and its volume?

Multiple choice question.

The smaller the cell, the smaller its surface area-to-volume ratio is

incorrect
Reason: As the volume of a cell increases, its surface area also increases, but to a lesser extent. Thus, as a cell increases, its surface to volume ratio becomes smaller. At some point, the amount of surface is no longer adequate to serve the needs of the increasing volume, which limits the size of cells.

Regardless of their size, all cells have roughly the same surface area-to-volume ratio

The smaller the cell, the larger its surface area-to-volume ratio is

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The central vacuole in plants is primarily involved in which of the following processes?

Multiple choice question.

Synthesis of lipids

Degradation of macromolecules

Storage of protein, pigment, and waste material

Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

Storage of protein, pigment, and waste material

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Large vacuoles are characteristic of which types of cells?

Multiple select question.

Bacterial cells

Plant cells

Animal cells

Fungal cells

Plant cells

Animal cells

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Specialized compartments that can function in water balance and storage of useful molecules and waste products are called Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

lysosomes

nuclei

mitochondria

vacuoles

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The nuclear lamina is a network of intermediate filament fibers that Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

connects the cytoplasmic faces of the nuclear pores to the endoplasmic reticulum

covers the inner surface of the nuclear envelope

fills the space between the two bilayers of the nuclear envelope

covers the the outer surface of the nuclear envelope

covers the inner surface of the nuclear envelope

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Identify the fibers which are used in the cell division of animal cells.

Multiple select question.

Microtubules

Actin

Dynein/Dynactin complexes

Myosin

Microtubules

Actin

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Indicate the functions of the Golgi apparatus.

Multiple select question.

Breaking down proteins and old organelles

Modifying and packaging proteins

Packaging molecules into transport vesicles

Synthesizing proteins on ribosomes

Collecting molecules to be transported through the cell

Modifying and packaging proteins

Packaging molecules into transport vesicles

Collecting molecules to be transported through the cell

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Lysosomes contain enzymes which are able to break down which of the following?

Multiple select question.

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Drugs (for example, antibiotics)

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Lipids

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What is the fluid matrix inside the inner membrane but outside the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast called?

Multiple choice question.

Grana

Stroma

Cristae

Thylakoid

Stroma

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What are the functions of the central vacuole in plants?

Multiple select question.

Synthesis of lipids

Synthesis of proteins

Storage of pigments

Waste storage

Storage of pigments

Waste storage

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The inner surface of the nuclear envelope is covered with a network of intermediate filament fibers. The network is known as the nuclear
_____
and the filament fibers that compose it are called ____

lamina and lamins

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The cell wall of which type of cell is composed of chitin?

Multiple choice question.

Fungal

Bacteria

Plant

Protist

Fungal

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The fibers of the
____ provide the scaffolding to hold certain enzymes in place in a cell.

cytoskeleton

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The
____ are disk-shaped structures in plants that form grana.

thylakoids

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Identify the functions of cell vacuoles.

Multiple select question.

Synthesis

Segregation of waste

Water balance

Storage

Segregation of waste

Water balance

Storage

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The central vacuole in plants is primarily involved in which of the following processes?

Multiple choice question.

Storage of protein, pigment, and waste material

Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

Degradation of macromolecules

Synthesis of lipids

Storage of protein, pigment, and waste material

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The nuclear lamina is a network of intermediate filament fibers that Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

connects the cytoplasmic faces of the nuclear pores to the endoplasmic reticulum

covers the the outer surface of the nuclear envelope

covers the inner surface of the nuclear envelope

fills the space between the two bilayers of the nuclear envelope

covers the inner surface of the nuclear envelope

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Choose all examples of membrane bound organelles that are found in some, but not all prokaryotes.

Multiple select question.

Golgi apparatus

Membrane-bound storage structures

Magnetosome

Nucleus

Membrane-bound storage structures

Magnetosome

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Which of the following structures is the repository of the genetic information that enables the synthesis of nearly all proteins in a living eukaryotic cell? Multiple choice question. Nucleus Mitochondrion Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome

Nucleus

The cell walls of plants and protists are made of the polysaccharide ____ while the cell wall of fungal cells are made of the polysaccharide ____

cellulose, chitin

Each granum of a chloroplast contains a few to several dozen Blank______. Multiple choice question. cristae mitochondria matrices thylakoids

thylakoids

Identify two ways that lysosomes can be activated. Multiple select question. Fusing with a vesicle that contains protons Fusing with a food vesicle produced by phagocytosis Fusing with a newly produced working organelle Fusing with an old organelle

Fusing with a food vesicle produced by phagocytosis Fusing with an old organelle

What do prokaryotes lack? Multiple choice question. Cytoplasm Ribosomes Cell wall Nucleus

Nucleus

What powers the rotation of the bacterial flagellum and the archaellum? Multiple choice question. Flagellum: proton gradient; Archaellum: proton gradient Flagellum: proton gradient; Archaellum: ATP hydrolysis Flagellum: ATP hydrolysis; Archaellum: proton gradient Flagellum: ATP hydrolysis; Archaellum: ATP hydrolysis

Flagellum: proton gradient; Archaellum: ATP hydrolysis

Cells that carry out extensive lipid synthesis have abundant SER. Which of these cell do not have abundant smooth ER? Multiple choice question. Brain cells Heart cells Intestinal cells Cells in the testes

Heart cells

What enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide to harmless substances in peroxisomes? Multiple choice question. Cytochrome c oxidase NADH dehydrogenase Acid hydrolase Catalase

Catalase

The inner folded membrane of the mitochondria has numerous contiguous layers called

cristae

Choose all statements that accurately compare eukaryotic flagella and cilia. Multiple select question. Flagella are usually shorter than cilia. Cilia are typically more numerous and organized in rows. Flagella have a 9+2 organization, while cilia have a 10+3 organization. Cilia are usually shorter than flagella.

Cilia are typically more numerous and organized in rows. Cilia are usually shorter than flagella.

Fibronectin is a glycoprotein used to attach the _____ matrix of some cells to the plasma membrane.

extracellular

An unknown cell type contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, and centrioles. Other internal structures may be present. Which type of cell might this be? Multiple choice question. Archaeal Plant Bacterial Animal

Animal

Which of the following cells have extensive smooth ER? Multiple select question. Immune cells Intestinal cells Cells in the testes Brain cells Skin cells

Intestinal cells Cells in the testes Brain cells

are composed of microtubules, but are typically shorter than flagella and tend to cover all or part of the surface of a cell.

cilia

When a lysosome fuses with a food vesicle, its pH Blank______. Multiple choice question. becomes alkaline becomes neutral becomes acidic

becomes acidic

An unknown cell type contains ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell wall. Which type of cell might this be? Multiple select question. Plant Bacterial Animal

Plant Bacterial

Which of the following are the main points of the cell theory? Multiple select question. All living organisms are composed of at least 2 cells. Cells are the smallest living things. All cells have either mitochondria or chloroplasts. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Cells are the smallest living things. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to the rate of _____ of substances into and out of cells.

diffusion

Which of the following is found in all cells? Multiple choice question. Nucleus Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Most of the DNA in prokaryotes is located in the ____ region.

nucleoid

The ____ is that part of the cytoplasm that contains organic molecules and ions in solution.

cytosol

The _____ ______ is a phospholipid bilayer that encloses a cell and separates the cell and its contents from its surroundings.

PLASMA MEMBRANE

What are the two types of life forms? Multiple select question. Prokaryotes Macromolecules Archaryotes Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

Bacterial microcompartments are functional analogs of eukaryotic organelles, but differ considerably in their structure. For example, they are bounded by a semipermeable _____ _________

protein shell

Most bacterial cells are encased by a strong cell wall composed of which of the following? Multiple choice question. Peptidoglycan Phospholipids Penicillin Capsules

Peptidoglycan

The ______ _________ of a bacterium helps the organism maintain its shape and prevents the excessive loss of water.

cell wall

Antibiotics such as penicillin and vancomycin interfere with which of the following? Multiple choice question. Cellular respiration Flagella motility Surface adherence Peptidoglycan synthesis

Peptidoglycan synthesis

Some bacteria produce a jelly-like protective ____ made of polysaccharide, which aids in attachment to surfaces.

capsule

_____ are long, threadlike structures, which are used to provide motility to bacterial cells.

flagella

The long, threadlike structures protruding from the surface of bacteria are called Blank______. Multiple choice question. cilia flagella fimbriae pili

flagella

Bacterial cells are encased by a strong cell wall of peptidoglycan. Which of the following accurately describes peptidoglycan? Multiple choice question. Protein matrix cross-linked by lipid units Polypeptide units cross-linked by a carbohydrate matrix Carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units Lipid matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units

Carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units

Choose all statements that accurately compare eukaryotic flagella and cilia. Multiple select question. Cilia are typically more numerous and organized in rows. Flagella are usually shorter than cilia. Flagella have a 9+2 organization, while cilia have a 10+3 organization. Cilia are usually shorter than flagella.

Cilia are typically more numerous and organized in rows. Cilia are usually shorter than flagella.

Vesicles are found in which of the following types of cells? Multiple select question. Bacteria Animal Plant Prokaryotes

Animal Plant

Which of the following describes the structure of DNA inside the cell's nucleus? Multiple choice question. Loosely wound around proteins and packaged into functional units called chromosomes Tightly wound around proteins and packaged into compact units called chromosomes Loosely wound around proteins and packaged into compact units called centromeres

Tightly wound around proteins and packaged into compact units called chromosomes

The cell walls of green plants are composed of a polymer of glucose called

cellulose

The cell walls of green plants are composed of a polymer of glucose called A nucleus Flagella A cell wall Ribosomes

nucleus

Which of the following are synthesized in the nucleolus? Multiple choice question. DNA Messenger RNA Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA

Ribosomal RNA

The surface of the nucleus is bounded by two phospholipid bilayer membranes, collectively called the _____ _____

nuclear envelope

Choose all features of nuclear pores. Multiple select question. They are complex structures made of many proteins. They are always open on the nuclear side and connected to a tubule of the endoplasmic reticulum on the cytoplasmic side. They are made of a single large protein with more than a dozen transmembrane domains. They have distinct cytoplasmic and nuclear faces.

They are complex structures made of many proteins. They have distinct cytoplasmic and nuclear faces.

Most bacterial cells are encased by a strong cell wall composed of _____ which is a carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by polypeptides.

peptidoglycan

Which of the following exit the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell by way of the nuclear pores? Multiple select question. Cytoskeletal fibers that anchor the nucleus in place RNA RNA-protein complexes DNA

RNA RNA-protein complexes

In a eukaryotic nucleus, DNA is organized into a complex structure called ___

chromatin

What is assembled in the nucleolus? Multiple choice question. Chromatin Ribosomal subunits Nuclear pore components Chromosomes

Ribosomal subunits

How many subunits make up a ribosome? Multiple choice question. 1 3 2 4

In a eukaryotic cell, ribosomes can be found free in the _____ , or associated with internal ______

cytoplasm , membrane

e functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum include which of the following? Multiple select question. Protein synthesis Steroid synthesis Protein sorting Detoxification of foreign substances Glycoprotein synthesis

Protein synthesis Protein sorting Glycoprotein synthesis

Noncellulose polysaccharides that form part of the cell wall of plants are synthesized in the

golgi apparatus

In liver cells, enzymes located in the ____ endoplasmic reticulum (ER) detoxify harmful organic molecules. For full credit, you must spell the word.

smooth

Which organelle consists of a stack of flattened membranes, each enclosing a single compartment? Multiple choice question. Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Lysosome Golgi apparatus

Golgi apparatus

Microbodies are found in which of the following cells? Multiple select question. Archaea Fungi Plant Animal Bacteria

Fungi Plant Animal

What happens in a peroxisome? Multiple select question. O2 is used to help break down lipids. Degradative enzymes destroy particles that the cell has ingested. Proteins are modified before being transported to other locations. Highly reactive molecules such as hydrogen peroxide are generated.

O2 is used to help break down lipids. Highly reactive molecules such as hydrogen peroxide are generated.

The largest vacuoles, which can occupy most of the cell volume, are found in which type of cell? Multiple choice question. Bacterial Archaeal Fungal Animal Plant

Plant

The organelles that are both surrounded by a double membrane, have their own DNA, are involved in energy metabolism, and have their own protein synthesis machinery are the ____ and ____ .

Field 1: mitochondria or mitochondrion Field 2: chloroplasts or chloroplast

What organelle in liver cells contains enzymes that detoxify harmful organic molecules? Multiple choice question. Smooth ER Vacuoles Rough ER Mitochondria

Smooth ER

The production of ATP is performed by which of the following organelles? Multiple choice question. Mitochondria Nucleus Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria

Which of the following organisms would be able to manufacture its own food? Multiple choice question. Any organism that has mitochondria Any organism that has DNA as its genetic material Any organism that has chloroplasts Any organism that is eukaryotic

Any organism that has chloroplasts

Most plants have green leaves because their chloroplasts contain the photosynthetic pigment

chlorophyll

Scientists have proposed that chloroplasts and mitochondria arose by a process called ____ , in which a smaller cell comes to live inside a larger cell.

endosymbiosis

One of the principal ways animal and plant cells organize their metabolism is by distributing enzymes in which of the following structures? Multiple choice question. Endoplasmic reticulum Microbodies Lysosomes Golgi apparatus

Microbodies

The cytoskeleton is made up of long fibers of which type of macromolecule? Multiple choice question. Nucleic acids Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates

Proteins

The main types of cytoskeletal fibers are ________ , intermediate filaments - and ____

actin, microtubules

In liver cells, enzymes located in the ____ ER detoxify harmful organic molecules

smooth

The thinnest protein fibers (about 7 nm) of the cytoskeleton are

actin

Which of the following cytoskeletal elements are made up of α-and β-tubulin subunits? Multiple choice question. Actin filaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules

Microtubules

Keratin, found in human hair and nails, is composed of which of the following type of cytoskeletal element? Multiple choice question. Actin filaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Within the centrosome of an animal cell, there is a pair of structures arranged perpendicular to each other called the

centrioles

Which structure is involved in eukaryotic cell division? Multiple choice question. Peroxisomes Centrosome Endoplasmic reticulum Keratin filaments

Centrosome

Choose the components needed to move material along a microtubule. Multiple select question. A ribosome A microtubule track A motor protein A mitochondrion anchored near the site of transport A vesicle that is being transported A connector protein

A microtubule track A motor protein A vesicle that is being transported A connector protein

The interaction of which two proteins allows cells to crawl? Multiple choice question. Actin and kinesin Actin and myosin Dynein and kinesin Actin and dynein

Actin and myosin

Eukaryotic flagella are actually outward projections of the cell's interior. The microtubules in the flagella originate from Blank______. Multiple choice question. two disks embedded in the plasma membrane a basal body the centrioles

a basal body

The fibrous protein, _____ found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells, is also a major component of cartilage and tendons.

collagen

Integrins are proteins in the plasma membrane that extend into the cytoplasm, attaching to which two types of filaments? Multiple select question. Microfilaments Myosin filaments Intermediate

Integrins are proteins in the plasma membrane that extend into the cytoplasm, attaching to which two types of filaments? Multiple select question. Microfilaments correct Myosin filaments Intermediate

Large vacuoles are characteristic of which types of cells? Multiple select question. Fungal cells Animal cells Plant cells Bacterial cells

Fungal cells Plant cells

Hydrophobic lipids are made soluble in the cytoplasm by being coated with _____. The result is a lipid droplet.

phospholipids

Which is the largest of the internal membranes in a typical eukaryotic cell? Multiple choice question. The Golgi apparatus The vacuolar membrane The endoplasmic reticulum The plasma membrane

The endoplasmic reticulum

The digestion of substances taken into the cell and the breakdown of old organelles in the cell are both performed by organelles called ___

lysosomes

The nuclear lamina is a network of intermediate filament fibers that Blank______. Multiple choice question. connects the cytoplasmic faces of the nuclear pores to the endoplasmic reticulum covers the inner surface of the nuclear envelope fills the space between the two bilayers of the nuclear envelope covers the the outer surface of the nuclear envelope

covers the inner surface of the nuclear envelope

The ___are disk-shaped structures in plants that form grana.

thylakoids

The cell walls of plants and protists are made of the polysaccharide _____ while the cell wall of fungal cells are made of the polysaccharide _____

cellulose , chitin

Hydrophobic lipids are made soluble in the cytoplasm by being coated with _____. The result is a lipid droplet.

phospholipids

Bacterial cells are encased by a strong cell wall of peptidoglycan. Which of the following accurately describes peptidoglycan? Multiple choice question. Carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units Polypeptide units cross-linked by a carbohydrate matrix Protein matrix cross-linked by lipid units Lipid matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units

Carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units

The neutral lipid core of lipid droplets could contain which of the following lipids? Multiple select question. Glycolipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Sterols

Triglycerides Sterols

Functions that include glycoprotein production and protein sorting are characteristic of the ______ endoplasmic reticulum.

rough

Choose all examples of membrane bound organelles that are found in some, but not all prokaryotes. Multiple select question. Nucleus Golgi apparatus Magnetosome Membrane-bound storage structures

Magnetosome Membrane-bound storage structures

Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes because they lack a membrane-enclosed ___ which houses the DNA.

nucleus

What does the mitochondrial matrix refer to? Multiple choice question. The compartment inside of the inner membrane The space between the inner and outer membranes The numerous contiguous layers of the inner membrane

The compartment inside of the inner membrane

Fibronectin is a glycoprotein used to attach the _____ matrix of some cells to the plasma membrane.

extracellular

Which of the following is the most important factor that limits the size of cells? Multiple choice question. Amount of mitochondria needed to satisfy the cell's energy needs Diffusion of substances in and out of the cell Amount of DNA to code for all the cell's proteins Rate of protein synthesis in the cell

Diffusion of substances in and out of the cell