Chapter 14 Flashcards by Victor Reyes

A chromosome is primarily composed of Blank______.

Multiple select question.

DNA

lipids

carbohydrates

RNA

proteins

proteins DNA

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Answer Mode
Multiple Select QuestionYour Answer correct
Which of the following types of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria did Griffith inject into mice?

Multiple select question.

Pigmented

Heat killed

Live

Chemically killed

Rough

Smooth

Heat killed

Live

Rough

Smooth

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Griffith’s studies were instrumental in the discovery of DNA as the genetic material because his experiments demonstrated Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

that DNA is made of nucleotides

transformation in bacteria

the existence of bacterial viruses

transformation in bacteria

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Question Mode
Fill in the Blank Question
Fill in the blank question.
In trying to discover the substance responsible for transformation, Avery, MacLeod and McCarty removed ___
from their preparation and found that the transforming activity persisted.

protein

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Which enzymes did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty use in order to identify the genetic material?

Multiple select question.

Carbohydrate digesting enzymes

Lipid digesting enzymes

RNA digesting enzymes

DNA digesting enzymes

RNA digesting enzymes

DNA digesting enzymes

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A phage is a type of
___
that infects
___
cells.

virus bacterial

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Of the following choices, which type of Streptococcus pneumoniae would lead to death if injected into a mouse?

Multiple choice question.

Heat killed rough

Live smooth

Heat killed smooth

Live rough

Live smooth

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A bacteriophage contains Blank______.

Multiple select question.

ribosomes

mitochondria

a protein coat

a nucleus

genetic material

a protein coat

genetic material

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Griffith’s experiments were important because they showed Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

how genetic material was inherited in bacteria

the true identity of the genetic material

that proteins could not be the genetic material of cells

that the genetic material could be passed from one cell to another

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The primary reason the bacteriophage was an ideal model system for the Hershey and Chase experiments was that Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

it replicates quickly

it resembles the structure of animal cells

it is easy to grow in the lab

it is made of only protein and DNA

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Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct
In addition to Griffith, these individuals also studied bacterial transformation.

Multiple choice question.

Watson and Crick

Meselson and Stahl

Weismann and Nageli

Hershey and Chase

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

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In their experiments, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty isolated a substance, which had a transforming activity. Which of the following destroyed that substance’s ability to transform bacterial cells?

Multiple choice question.

DNA-digesting enzymes

Protein-digesting enzymes

RNA-digesting enzymes

DNA-digesting enzymes

correct

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A bacterial virus replicates by Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

assembling many new viruses within the cell wall of the bacterial cell

releasing enzymes, which dissolve the cell wall and the plasma membrane

introducing its genetic material into the host cell

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The purpose of the Hershey and Chase experiments was to determine whether a bacteriophage injected Blank______ or Blank______ into bacteria.

Multiple select question.

mitochondria

DNA

ribosomes

protein

RNA

DNA

protein

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Why do we say that a DNA or RNA strand has an intrinsic polarity?

Multiple choice question.

Because it is negatively charged at one end and positively charged at the other end

Because it has a free sugar at one end and a free nitrogenous base at the other end

Because it has a free 5’ phosphate at one end and a free 3’ OH group at the other end

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n the Hershey Chase experiments, the isotope 35S was used to label
_____ and the isotope 32P was used to label
_____

proteins and dna

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Question Mode
Fill in the Blank Question
Fill in the blank question.
Adjacent nucleotides in the same DNA strand are held together by covalent bonds known as
____
bonds.

Field 1: phosphodiester or phosphoester

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Question Mode
Fill in the Blank Question
Fill in the blank question.
Franklin used x-ray
____
to suggest that DNA has a helical structure.

diffraction

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Fill in the blank question.
By convention, the sequence of DNA bases is usually written in the
5’
Field 1
Field 1 5’ , Correct Unavailable to
3’
Field 2
Field 2 3’ , Correct Unavailable direction.

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The DNA fibers Franklin used in her x-ray diffraction studies came from Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

Wilkins

Hershey and Chase

Watson and Crick

Griffith

Wilkins

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Repeating sugar and phosphate units in a single DNA strand make up the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

phosphodiester backbone

nucleotides

double backbone helix

phosphodiester backbone

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The level of DNA structure that resembles a spiral staircase is the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

strand

chromosome

double helix

chromatid

double helix

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Franklin determined that the structure of DNA was helical based on Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

ball and stick models

x-ray diffraction analysis

biochemical analysis

microscopic analysis

x-ray diffraction analysis

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The DNA structure proposed by Watson and Crick involves Blank______.

Multiple select question.

a sugar phosphate backbone

a helical structure

correct

base pairing between purines

nitrogenous bases on the outside

two grooves (major and minor)

a sugar phosphate backbone

a helical structure

two grooves (major and minor)

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In the 1950s, the British researcher Maurice Wilkins contributed to the discovery of DNA's double helix structure by Blank______. Multiple choice question. producing uniformly oriented DNA fibers constructing a double helix model of DNA determining the complementarity of bases in DNA molecules determining the nature of nucleotides

producing uniformly oriented DNA fibers

In a DNA double helix, two hydrogen bonds form between Blank______. Multiple choice question. thymine and cytosine guanine and adenine adenine and thymine cytosine and guanine

adenine and thymine

The interaction of two strands of DNA via hydrogen bonds results in a structure called the Blank______. Multiple choice question. chromosome double helix genome

double helix

How many hydrogen bonds form between cytosine and guanine in the DNA double helix? Multiple choice question. 1 2 3 4

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between adenine and thymine in the double DNA helix? ____

The term used to describe two DNA strands that run in opposite directions from each other is Blank______. Multiple choice question. polar antiparallel directional

antiparallel

During semiconservative DNA replication, Blank______. Multiple choice question. random portions of each new double helix come from the original molecule or are newly synthesized one of the new daughter double helices is made of the two original strands, while the other one is made of two new strands one of the strands in each new double helix comes from the original molecule, and one is newly synthesized

one of the strands in each new double helix comes from the original molecule, and one is newly synthesized

Repeating sugar and phosphate units in a single DNA strand make up the Blank______. Multiple choice question. double backbone helix phosphodiester backbone nucleotides

phosphodiester backbone

The basic design of the Meselson-Stahl experiment is Blank______. Multiple choice question. to label RNA and follow it through 2 rounds of replication to label DNA and follow it through 2 rounds of transcription to label DNA and follow it through 2 rounds of replication

to label DNA and follow it through 2 rounds of replication

DNA replication that leads to the production of double helices with one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand is consistent with Blank______. Multiple choice question. conservative replication semiconservative replication dispersive replication

semiconservative replication

Question Mode Multiple Choice Question Which of these is not required for DNA replication? Multiple choice question. Polymerase Nucleotides Template NADPH

NADPH

Which of these is not one of the three phases of DNA replication? Multiple choice question. Initiation Elongation Termination Extension

Extension

The term used to describe two DNA strands that run in opposite directions from each other is Blank______. Multiple choice question. antiparallel polar directional

antiparallel

Fill in the blank question. The enzyme DNA _____ covalently links nucleotides to synthesize new DNA strands together during DNA replication.

polymerase

Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. Meselson and Stahl used two isotopes of ____ in their DNA replication experiments so that the daughter strands could be distinguished from the parental strands.

Nitrogen

In contrast to DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases Blank______. Multiple choice question. do not require primers to begin synthesis require primers to begin synthesis may or may not require primers to begin synthesi

do not require primers to begin synthesis

What are the three phases in DNA replication? Multiple select question. Elongation Initiation Termination Duplication Binding

Elongation Initiation Termination

Select features of DNA replication initiation in bacteria. Multiple select question. It involves an AT-rich sequence. It involves a GC_rich sequence. Replication begins at a site called OriC. Replication begins at a site called DnaA.

Replication begins at a site called OriC. It involves an AT-rich sequence.

Question Mode Multiple Choice Question Which enzyme covalently links nucleotides together? Multiple choice question. Helicase DNA topoisomerase DNA polymerase DNA gyrase

DNA polymerase

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct A bacterial chromosome is typically replicated as Blank______. Multiple choice question. a single replicon multiple (>10) replicons 2-5 replicons 2 replicons

a single replicon

During the synthesis of the new DNA molecule, where are the new nucleotides added by DNA polymerase? Multiple choice question. Both at the 3' and the 5' ends of the growing strand The 5' end of the growing strand The 3' end of the growing strand

The 3' end of the growing strand

An Blank______ cuts DNA internally and an Blank______ cuts at the ends of DNA. Multiple choice question. endonuclease; perinuclease polymerase; exonuclease endonuclease; exonuclease intranuclease; exonuclease

endonuclease; exonuclease correct

Which DNA polymerase acts on the lagging strand to remove primers and replace them with DNA? Multiple choice question. III I II

Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. DNA replication in E. coli ends at a site called the ____ .

terminus

Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. The DNA controlled by an origin is called a _____

replicon

Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. The enzyme ____ uses ATP to unwind the DNA template.

helicase

Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. The term ____ refers to the increased twisting of two DNA strands around each other which leads to torsional strain.

supercoiling

Which DNA polymerase does not seem to play a role in replication but is involved in the DNA repair process? Multiple choice question. I II III

Multiple Choice Question What class of enzymes relieve torsional strain in DNA strands ahead of the replication fork? Multiple choice question. Helicases DNA polymerases Primases Topoisomerases

Topoisomerases

Question Mode Multiple Choice Question When the double stranded DNA helix is unwound, two single strands of DNA are formed. These strands have to be stabilized because their hydrophobic bases are exposed to water. The proteins that stabilize the two single strands are called Blank______. Multiple choice question. single-strand binding proteins RNA polymerases helicase proteins topoisomerase proteins

single-strand binding proteins

Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. An Okazaki fragment is a short fragment of DNA synthesized on the _____ strand of DNA.

lagging

The topological state of DNA refers to Blank______. Multiple choice question. the number of strands present how the DNA coils the point of replication the molecule is in

how the DNA coils

The partial opening of a DNA helix to form two single strands is called Blank______. Multiple choice question. the replication fork an Okazaki fragment the lagging strand the leading strand

the replication fork

During DNA replication, torsional strain in the DNA molecule is relieved by a topoisomerase called DNA_____

gyrase

leading strand matches ChoiceSynthesized continuously, ChoiceRequires a single primer lagging strand matches ChoiceSynthesized in small fragments that are later connected, ChoiceRequires multiple primers

Multiple Choice Question Short fragments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand of DNA during replication are called Blank______. Multiple choice question. Okazaki fragments primers telomeres

Okazaki fragments

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct Which subunit of DNA polymerase III forms the sliding clamp? Multiple choice question. The α subunit The γ subunit The β subunit

The β subunit

Question Mode Multiple Choice Question In a bacterium, where does termination of replication occur, relative to the origin? Multiple choice question. The termination site is next to the origin The termination site and the origin are the same (as replication has to go 360 degrees around the chromosome to end where it started) The termination site is opposite to the origin

The termination site is opposite to the origin

What class of enzymes relieve torsional strain in DNA strands ahead of the replication fork? Multiple choice question. Topoisomerases Primases Helicases DNA polymerases

Topoisomerases

Question Mode Multiple Choice Question The enzymes in the replisome are active on Blank______. Multiple choice question. the lagging strand only both the leading and the lagging strand the leading strand only

both the leading and the lagging strand

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct DNA replication in eukaryotic cells is complicated by the fact that eukaryotic cells have Blank______. Multiple choice question. small amounts of DNA linear chromosomes circular chromosomes

linear chromosomes

Question Mode Multiple Choice Question The sliding clamp of a DNA polymerase Blank______. Multiple choice question. prevents the polymerase from moving in the 3'-5' direction reduces supercoiling holds the polymerase to the DNA template opens the replication fork

holds the polymerase to the DNA template

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct In prokaryotes, the two daughter molecules (each a double strand) produced at the end of replication are intertwined, similar to two links in a chain. What is the name of the enzyme that unlinks the two daughter DNA molecules? Multiple choice question. Gyrase Primase Polymerase Helicase

Gyrase

Which origins of replication are more sequence-specific? Multiple choice question. Eukaryotic origins Both bacterial origins and eukaryotic origins have similar sequence specificity. oriC in bacteria

oriC in bacteria

Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. In the replisome, the ______ is composed of primase, helicase, and accessory proteins that prime the lagging strand.

primosome

Question Mode Multiple Choice Question Which type (or types) of cells uses (or use) a primase that is a combination of RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase and makes short RNA primers which are then extended with DNA to produce the final primer? Multiple choice question. Bacterial and eukaryotic All three types of cells (bacterial, eukaryotic, and archaeal) Bacterial Eukaryotic

Eukaryotic