Chapter Three Chemical Building Blocks of Life Flashcards by Victor Reyes

Biological polymers are often made using dehydration (or condensation) reactions. During these dehydration reactions which of the following occurs?

Multiple select question.

An H atom is removed from one molecule and an -OH group is removed from another molecule.

A molecule of water is removed from the reactants.

Two separate molecules are joined together by a covalent bond.

A molecule of water is added to the reactants.

A larger molecule is converted into two smaller molecules.

An H atom is removed from one molecule and an -OH group is removed from another molecule.

A molecule of water is removed from the reactants.

Two separate molecules are joined together by a covalent bond.

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Amylopectin
Glycogen

Branched polymer with shorter average chain length and fewer branches

Important storage polymer in animals

Glycogen

Branched polymer with longer average chain length and more branches

Important storage polymer in plants

Unbranched polymer with longer average chain length

Unbranched polymer with shorter average chain length

Branched polymer with shorter average chain length and fewer branches

Important storage polymer in plants

Branched polymer with longer average chain length and more branches

Important storage polymer in animals

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Each glucose molecule has seven energy-storing Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

C-H
bonds

O-H
bonds

C-O
bonds

C-C
bonds

C-H bonds

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____ is the general term for carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides.

disaccharides

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Select all statements that are true about structural isomers.

Multiple select question.

They have the same molecular formula.

They are composed of the same number and type of atoms.

They are always mirror images of each other.

They differ in the actual structure of their carbon skeleton.

They have the same molecular formula.

They are composed of the same number and type of atoms.

They differ in the actual structure of their carbon skeleton.

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A general (all-inclusive) term for organic molecules that have the same molecular formula, but that differ in their structure or in the spatial arrangement of their atoms, is
______

A general (all-inclusive) term for organic molecules that have the same molecular formula, but that differ in their structure or in the spatial arrangement of their atoms, is
isomers

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In humans, how is glucose transported in the blood?

Multiple choice question.

Combined with a molecule of fructose to form sucrose

Combined with many other glucose subunits to form a polysaccharide

As a simple monosaccharide

Combined with a molecule of galactose to form lactose

As a simple monosaccharide

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The building blocks of nucleic acids are monomers called
___

nucleotides

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Choose all statements that describe pyrimidines?

Multiple select question.

They are nitrogenous bases

They include cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

They are found in DNA only.

They are single-ring molecules.

They are single-ring molecules.
They are nitrogenous bases
They include cytosine, thymine, and uracil

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Hydrocarbons are nonpolar due to which of the following?

Multiple choice question.

They have localized regions of positive and negative charge.

They are held together entirely by covalent bonds.

They are electrically neutral.

Carbon has a much higher electronegativity than hydrogen.

The electronegativities of carbon and hydrogen are very similar.

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Which of the following statements about enantiomers are true?

Multiple select question.

They have different molecular formulas but the same spatial arrangement of their atoms.

They have the same number of carbon atoms but different carbon skeletons.

They have the same carbon skeleton but differ in how the groups attached to the skeleton are arranged in space.

They are mirror images of each other.

They have the same carbon skeleton but differ in how the groups attached to the skeleton are arranged in space.

They are mirror images of each other.

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In most plants, how is glucose transported from one part of the plant to another?

Multiple choice question.

It is combined with several different monosaccharides to form a polysaccharide.

It is combined with many other glucose subunits to form a polysaccharide.

It is transported as a simple monosaccharide.

It is combined with another monosaccharide to form a disaccharide.

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Which describes purines?

Multiple select question.

They are found in both DNA and RNA.

They are nitrogenous bases.

They include adenine and cytosine.

They are single-ring molecules

They are double-ring molecules

They are found in both DNA and RNA.

They are nitrogenous bases.

They are double-ring molecules.

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Select all statements that are true about structural isomers.

Multiple select question.

They have the same molecular formula.

They are composed of the same number and type of atoms.

They differ in the actual structure of their carbon skeleton.

They are always mirror images of each other.

They have the same molecular formula.

They are composed of the same number and type of atoms.

They differ in the actual structure of their carbon skeleton.

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Small groups of atoms that are attached to larger molecules, giving them specific chemical properties, are called
____

functional groups

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A subcategory of stereoisomers that are mirror-images of each other are called
___

enantiomers

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Recharge Answer Mode
Fill in the Blank QuestionYour Answer incorrect
Fill in the blank question.
A molecule that has mirror-image versions is called a
____. It is also known as an enantiomer.

chiral

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Which of the following are isomers of glucose found in nature?

Multiple select question.

Maltose

Lactose

Fructose

Sucrose

Galactose

Starch

Glucose

Fructose
Galactose
Glucose
The rest are disaccharides

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Glucose and galactose are Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

enantiomers

structural isomers

stereoisomers

isotopes

structural isomers

stereoisomers

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Which term refers to a small group of atoms that are attached to larger molecules, providing them with specific chemical properties?

Multiple choice question.

Organic group

Isomer

Functional group

Monomer

Functional group

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The sequence of amino acids in a protein is specified by which of the following?

Multiple choice question.

The alternating sugar-phosphate groups in the DNA backbone

The sequence of nucleotides in a segment of DNA

Special protein-synthesizing enzymes

The overall 3-dimensional shape of the protein

The sequence of nucleotides in a segment of DNA

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Cytosine is a pyrimidine

Thymine is a purine

Guanine is a pyrimidine

Adenine is a purine

Cytosine is a pyrimidine
Adenine is a purine

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What type of bond connects adjacent nucleotides in a single strand of a nucleic acid?

Multiple choice question.

Hydrogen

Ionic

Glycosidic

Peptide

Phosphodiester

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A nucleotide is made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a(n)
_________ ________

nitrogenous base

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Choose all statements that describe pyrimidines? Multiple select question. They include cytosine, thymine, and uracil. They are found in DNA only. They are single-ring molecules. They are nitrogenous bases

They include cytosine, thymine, and uracil. They are single-ring molecules. They are nitrogenous bases

Which of the following describe monosaccharides? Multiple select question. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates. Monosaccharides are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. All naturally occurring monosaccharides have five or six carbon atoms.

Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates. Monosaccharides are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

=Long polymers made of monosaccharides that have been linked through dehydration reactions are called ___

polysaccharides

The simplest starch is ____. It is composed of long unbranched chains.

amylose

Select the characteristics of a hydrolysis reaction. Multiple select question. A large molecule is broken down into two smaller molecules. Water is removed in the reaction. Water is consumed in the reaction. Two smaller molecules are joined together by an ionic bond.

A large molecule is broken down into two smaller molecules. Water is consumed in the reaction.

Which monosaccharide is the main component of chitin? Multiple choice question. Simple glucose Fructose Galactose N-acetylglucosamine

N-acetylglucosamine

Two main varieties of nucleic acids are and

DNA and RNA

At its 3' end, a polynucleotide chain has a(n) Blank______. Multiple choice question. phosphate group nitrogenous base amino acid -OH group

-OH group

Organic molecules with the same molecular formula may exist in different forms called which of the following? Multiple choice question. Polymers Isomers Monomers Isotopes

Isomers

Which of the following statements about enantiomers are true? Multiple select question. They have the same number of carbon atoms but different carbon skeletons. They are mirror images of each other. They have the same carbon skeleton but differ in how the groups attached to the skeleton are arranged in space. They have different molecular formulas but the same spatial arrangement of their atoms.

They are mirror images of each other. They have the same carbon skeleton but differ in how the groups attached to the skeleton are arranged in space.

Glucose and galactose are Blank______. Multiple choice question. structural isomers enantiomers stereoisomers isotopes

stereoisomers

Proteins are composed of monomers called _____ and nucleic acids are composed of monomers called _____ .

amino acids and nucleotides

Which of the following are disaccharides? Multiple select question. Lactose Galactose Sucrose Maltose Fructose Glucose

Lactose Sucrose Maltose

From the list below, select all that are polysaccharides. Multiple select question. Cellulose Fructose Starch Cholesterol

Starch Cellulose

Triglycerides or triacylglycerols are also known as Blank______. Multiple choice question. steroids fats sugars proteins phospholipids

fats

Of the following list, choose the functions of proteins in living cells. Multiple select question. They help the body recognize and destroy foreign microbes and cancer cells. They are the immediate source of energy for most cell activities. They catalyze chemical reactions. They play a key role in moving materials within cells. They carry genetic information from one generation to the next. They transport oxygen in the blood of vertebrates

They catalyze chemical reactions. They play a key role in moving materials within cells. They help the body recognize and destroy foreign microbes and cancer cells. They transport oxygen in the blood of vertebrates

The peptide bond Blank______. Multiple choice question. is a single bond that can be fully rotated has a partial double-bond character that prohibits rotation is a unique double bond that allows partial rotation

has a partial double-bond character that prohibits rotation

Which of the following are common steroids? Multiple select question. Cholesterol Triglycerides Estrogen Testosterone Phospholipids

Estrogen Testosterone Cholesterol

Which of the following are lipids? Multiple select question. Fats Starch and glycogen Nucleotides Steroids

Steroids and Fats

Which group of molecules forms the core of all biological membranes? Multiple choice question. Steroids Polynucleotides Polysaccharides Phospholipids Fats

Phospholipids

pWhich of the following describes the structure of a phospholipid? Multiple choice question. A nonpolar head and two long, polar tails Two polar heads and a long nonpolar tail A polar head and two long, nonpolar tails Two nonpolar heads and a long polar tail

A polar head and two long, nonpolar tails

There are 20 different amino acids that commonly occur in proteins. Humans cannot synthesize some of those amino acids and must get them from their diets. How many such essential amino acids are there? Multiple choice question. 3 8 12 15

Which of the following is an accurate description of a triglyceride? Multiple choice question. A three-carbon chain where each carbon is bound to a hydroxyl group Three glycerol molecules joined to one fatty acid A hydrocarbon chain bound to 3 carboxyl groups One glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acids

One glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acids

When two amino acids are linked together, a peptide bond is formed between the _____ group of one and the _____ group of the other. Please only fill blanks with the names of the groups without specifying which atom they are attached to.

amino, carboxyl

Alpha helices create regions of the protein that are _____ while beta sheets create regions that are ____

cylindrical, planar

The covalent bond that joins two amino acids is called a(n) ____ bond

peptide

a ___ ___ consists of a long chain hydrocarbon with a carboxyl group

fatty acid

A double bond has a __ when the carbon chain is on the opposite side before and after the double bond.

trans

The structure of a phospholipid can best be described as which of the following? Multiple choice question. Glycerol joined to 3 fatty acids and a phosphate group A 5-carbon sugar joined to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group Five interlocking carbon rings joined to a phosphate group A 5-carbon sugar joined to a nitrogenous base and 2 phosphate groups Glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

Glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

Keratin, fibrin, and collagen are all proteins that function in Blank______. Multiple choice question. storage transport muscle contraction support

support

A protein's final structure can include which of the following? Multiple choice question. Regions shaped like an α-helix and regions shaped like a β-pleated sheet. Regions shaped like a β-pleated sheet only Regions shaped like an α-helix only Reason: A protein may contain some regions shaped like an α-helix and some regions shaped like a β-pleated sheet.

Regions shaped like an α-helix and regions shaped like a β-pleated sheet.

Select the characteristics of chaperone proteins. Multiple select question. They have been found in virtually every organism that has been examined. They are not required for viability. They are used both to accomplish the original folding of proteins and to restore the structure of incorrectly folded proteins. Cells increase the production of many chaperone proteins when they are exposed to high temperatures.

They are used both to accomplish the original folding of proteins and to restore the structure of incorrectly folded proteins. Cells increase the production of many chaperone proteins when they are exposed to high temperatures. They have been found in virtually every organism that has been examined.

The 20 common amino acid are classified into five chemical classes based on which of the following? Multiple choice question. Their carboxyl groups The number of peptide bonds they form Their amino groups Their central carbon atom Their R groups

Their R groups

Which statement accurately describes amino acids in living things? Multiple choice question. A cell typically has about 50% l-amino acids and 50% d-amino acids. Proteins contain l-amino acids and d-amino acids are generally very rare. Proteins contain d-amino acids and l-amino acids are never found in living cells. Proteins contain l-amino acids and d-amino acids are never found in living cells.

Proteins contain l-amino acids and d-amino acids are generally very rare.

During protein synthesis, amino acids are linked together using a ___. As a result, a covalent bond is formed.

dehydration

Where are the peptide bonds located in a polypeptide? Multiple choice question. Between the R groups of 2 different amino acids in the polypeptide chain incorrect Between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another At the N-terminus of the polypeptide chain Between 2 adjacent polypeptides Between the amino groups of 2 different amino acids in the polypeptide chain

Between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another

Which of the following accurately describes the chemical structure of a typical amino acid found in a protein? Multiple choice question. A central carbon is bound to a carbonyl group, an amino group, and two R groups. A central carbon atom is bound to an amino group, carboxyl group, a side chain, and a hydrogen atom. A central carbon is double bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. Reason: Carbons in amino acids are not double bonded, the central carbon forms four bonds.

A central carbon atom is bound to an amino group, carboxyl group, a side chain, and a hydrogen atom.

What type of reaction is responsible for linking amino acids together to form polypeptides? Multiple choice question. Polymerization synthesis Dehydration synthesis Peptide synthesis Reason: Peptide bonds are formed by dehydration synthesis. Hydrolysis

Dehydration

Why do cells increase the production of many chaperone proteins when they are exposed to high temperatures? Multiple choice question. Heat provides the energy needed for chaperone proteins to function correctly. Heat provides the energy needed to synthesize chaperone proteins. High temperatures cause proteins to unfold and more chaperones are needed to help them refold correctly. As temperature increases, new proteins are manufactured at a faster rate and more chaperones are needed to help them fold correctly.

High temperatures cause proteins to unfold and more chaperones are needed to help them refold correctly.

Each kind of protein has a unique sequence of _____ ____________

amino acids

In general, where are nonpolar and polar amino acids found in a folded protein? Multiple choice question. Non-polar - interior; polar - exterior correct Non-polar - C-terminus; polar - N-terminus Non-polar - exterior; polar - interior Non-polar - N-terminus; polar - C-terminus

Non-polar - interior; polar - exterior

Which type of interaction involves the formation of a covalent bond between two different amino acid side chains? Multiple choice question. Hydrophobic exclusion Hydrogen bond Van der Waals attraction Ionic bond Disulfide bridge

Disulfide bridge

Individual polypeptides within a protein are referred to as which of the following? Multiple choice question. Amino acids Motifs Monomers Subunits

Subunits

In cells of E. coli, a special class of chaperone proteins, called _____ associate to form a large cylinder-shape container that can refold improperly folded proteins.

chaperonins

You are studying a protein and notice that it contains two regions made of beta-sheets connected by an alpha-helix. This type of recurring structure that can be found in proteins with very different functions is called a Blank______. Multiple choice question. conserved structure primary structure motif domain

motif

If the interactions that maintain the 3-dimensional shape of a protein are disrupted so that the polypeptide chains completely unfold, how is this protein described? Multiple choice question. It is unpolymerized. It is denatured. It is linearized. It is polymerized. It is ionized.

It is denatured.

Protein denaturation may be caused by an increase in which of the following? Multiple select question. Temperature The concentration of chaperone proteins pH Ionic concentration

pH Ionic concentration