Chapter 13 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance, and Human Genetics Flashcards by Victor Reyes

The term sex chromosomes refer to a distinctive pair of chromosomes that vary between ___
and ___
individuals.

XY and XX
male and female

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The
____chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes that are different in males and females.

sex

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In male Drosophila flies, the Y chromosome pairs with which of the following during meiosis?

Multiple choice question.

The X chromosome

The other Y chromosome

Nothing

The X chromosome

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In Drosophila melanogaster, which of the following sex chromosomes are found in a female?

Multiple choice question.

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Morgan’s experiments revealed that eye color alleles in fruit flies are located on one of the sex chromosomes, more specifically, the
_____ chromosome.

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What is a sex-linked trait?

Multiple choice question.

A trait that occurs only in females and never in males.

A trait that occurs only in males and never in females.

A trait determined by a gene on the X chromosome.

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What is an autosome?

Multiple choice question.

Any chromosome found in a eukaryote

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Any chromosome that does not have a homologue

Any chromosome that has a homologue

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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The term sex chromosomes refer to a distinctive pair of chromosomes that vary between
___ and ___ individuals

XX and XY

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What is the purpose of dosage compensation?

Multiple choice question.

It ensures that males and females have the same number of chromosomes.

It ensures that males and females have the same number of genes.

It ensures that males and females express X-linked traits (proteins) at equal levels.

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____ is the term for any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

autosome

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A human male with a recessive allele for a particular trait on the X chromosome is neither homozygous or heterozygous, but is instead referred to as
____

hemizygous

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Question Mode
Fill in the Blank Question
Fill in the blank question.
A highly condensed X chromosome is known as a(n)
___
body.

barr

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Morgan’s experiments revealed that eye color alleles in fruit flies are located on one of the sex chromosomes, more specifically, the ____
chromosome.

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In eukaryotic cells, in addition to the nucleus,
____
and
____
contain their own genetic material.

mitochondria chloroplasts

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What ensures that females do not produce twice as much of the proteins encoded by genes on the X chromosome as males produce?

Multiple choice question.

Crossing over

Aneuploidy

Dosage compensation

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Which X chromosome is inactivated in a female mammal?

Multiple choice question.

Either X chromosome may be inactivated. The choice is random.

The X chromosome inherited from the mother is always inactivated.

The X chromosome inherited from the father is always inactivated.

Either X chromosome may be inactivated. The choice is random.

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What is a Barr body?

Multiple choice question.

An imprinted gene only found in females

A maternal cell that transports gene products into the developing egg

A highly condensed X chromosome

A region on the X chromosome that is essential for compaction

A highly condensed X chromosome

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Why do mitochondrial genes fail to display Mendelian inheritance patterns?

Multiple choice question.

Mitochondria are not partitioned with the nucleus during meiosis.

Mitochondria are not found in females

Mitochondria are not found in males.

The mitochondrial genome is inactivated in males.

Mitochondria are not partitioned with the nucleus during meiosis.

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Question Mode
Fill in the Blank Question
Fill in the blank question.
In humans, mitochondria are inherited through a type of uniparental inheritance called
____
inheritance.

maternal

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What mechanism ensures that males and females produce the same amount of the proteins encoded by X-linked genes despite having different numbers of X chromosomes?

Multiple choice question.

Aneuploidy

Crossing over

Dosage compensation

Nondisjunction

Dosage compensation

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Which of the following is a disease caused by mutation in human mitochondrial genes that affects the optic nerve, leading to vision loss in one or both eyes?

Multiple choice question.

Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red muscle fibers

Neurogenic muscle weakness

Maternal myopathy and cardiopathy

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

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What determines which X chromosome will be inactivated in a human female?

Multiple choice question.

The X chromosome containing more mutations is inactivated.

A random X chromosome is inactivated.

The X chromosome inherited from the father is always inactivated.

A random X chromosome is inactivated.

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Which of the following types of genes are not inherited according to Mendel’s laws?

Multiple select question.

Genes on the Y chromosome

Chloroplast genes

Mitochondrial genes

Genes on the X chromosome

Chloroplast genes

Mitochondrial genes

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In humans and other mammals, albinism is a simple, Blank______ trait. Multiple choice question. incompletely dominant dominant recessive

recessive

How are mitochondria inherited in humans? Multiple choice question. Biparental inheritance Maternal inheritance Mendelian inheritance Epigenetic inheritance Paternal inheritance

Maternal inheritance

Hemophilia is caused by which of the following? Multiple choice question. An X-linked dominant allele An autosomal dominant allele An autosomal recessive allele An X-linked recessive allele

An X-linked recessive allele

In a human pedigree, males are symbolized with ____, while females are symbolized with ____ . Symbols for individuals showing the trait are shaded.

squares and circles

Which of the following conditions is inherited due to a dominant allele? Multiple choice question. Albinism Juvenile glaucoma Hemophilia Cystic fibrosis

Juvenile glaucoma

What is the hallmark of a recessive autosomal pedigree? Multiple choice question. Two unaffected parents can have an affected offspring. Affected offspring always have at least one affected parent. The trait is equally distributed among males and females. Reason: This is true for any autosomal pedigree (recessive or dominant) and is therefore not the hallmark of a recessive autosomal pedigree. Two unaffected parents will never have affected offspring.

Two unaffected parents can have an affected offspring.

Which of the following human genetic disorders display sex linkage? Multiple choice question. Sickle-cell anemia Phenylketonuria Down syndrome Hemophilia

Hemophilia

A male with hemophilia has ____ X chromosome(s) containing the hemophilia allele, and a female with hemophilia has ___ X chromosome(s) with the hemophilia allele (please enter numbers).

1 and 2

Pedigree analysis is typically used for studying Blank______. Multiple choice question. plant traits that follow simple inheritance human traits with complex inheritance patterns that may not follow simple Mendelian rules human traits that follow simple inheritance patterns

human traits that follow simple inheritance patterns

For a condition that is caused by an X-linked recessive allele, which of the following parents can have affected daughters? Multiple choice question. An affected mother and an unaffected father A homozygous unaffected mother and an affected father A mother that is a carrier and an affected father

A mother that is a carrier and an affected father

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct What causes sickle-cell anemia? Multiple choice question. A mutation in a protein-coding gene Monosomy for chromosome 15 Inheritance of a deletion in an imprinted gene Trisomy for chromosome 22

A mutation in a protein-coding gene

What are the effects of sickle cell anemia? Multiple select question. Accumulation of mucus in the lungs Changes in red blood cell shape Impaired oxygen delivery to tissues Deterioration of the central nervous system during infancy

Changes in red blood cell shape Impaired oxygen delivery to tissues

The sickle cell allele is prevalent in populations that are descendants of which of the following groups of individuals? Multiple choice question. Native American African Western European Asian Eastern European

African

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct For conditions caused by X-linked alleles, sons Blank______. Multiple choice question. always inherit the condition from their mothers can inherit the condition either from their fathers or their mothers always inherit the condition from their fathers

always inherit the condition from their mothers

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct Why is the sickle cell allele prevalent in people of African descent? Multiple choice question. Because an allele of a different gene that is also common in people of African descent compensates for the mutation Because oxygen levels are very high in Africa, making anemia less likely Because the sickle cell allele confers resistance to malaria

Because the sickle cell allele confers resistance to malaria

Question Mode Multiple Choice Question Clumping of red blood cells and interference with blood circulation are symptoms of which genetic disorder? Multiple choice question. Sickle cell anemia Down syndrome Huntington's disease Cystic fibrosis

Sickle cell anemia

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct How are the prevalences of malaria and sickle cell anemia in central regions of Africa related? Multiple choice question. Regions that have high prevalence of malaria exhibit high prevalence of the sickle cell anemia trait. Regions that have low prevalence of malaria exhibit high prevalence of the sickle cell anemia trait. Regions that have intermediate prevalence of malaria exhibit high prevalence of the sickle cell anemia trait.

Regions that have high prevalence of malaria exhibit high prevalence of the sickle cell anemia trait.

Which genetic disorders are inherited in an autosomal (not X- or Y-linked) dominant fashion? Multiple select question. Cystic fibrosis Huntington disease Hypercholesterolemia Down syndrome Reason: Down syndrome is not inherited in a dominant/recessive fashion. In Down syndrome there are no dominant or recessive alleles, rather, an entire extra chromosome is found. Tay-Sachs disease

Huntington disease Hypercholesterolemia

What inheritance pattern is displayed by Duchenne's muscular dystrophy? Multiple choice question. X-linked dominant Autosomal (not X- or Y-linked) recessive X-linked recessive Autosomal (not X- or Y-linked) dominant

X-linked recessive

What term describes the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis? ____

nondisjunction

What is the hallmark of a recessive autosomal pedigree? Multiple choice question. Two unaffected parents will never have affected offspring. Two unaffected parents can have an affected offspring. Affected offspring always have at least one affected parent. The trait is equally distributed among males and females. Reason: This is true for any autosomal pedigree (recessive or dominant) and is therefore not the hallmark of a recessive autosomal pedigree.

Two unaffected parents can have an affected offspring.

What is aneuploidy? Multiple choice question. The process that inactivates X chromosomes The mechanism that leads to nondisjunction The gain or loss of a chromosome A change in gene expression based on parental origin

The gain or loss of a chromosome

Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. Both hypercholesterolemia and Huntington disease display an autosomal (not X- or Y-linked) ____ inheritance pattern.

dominant

____ is a term which describes the type of aneuploidy in which an individual is missing one copy of an autosome

monosomy

What is nondisjunction? Multiple choice question. A break in a chromosome Failure of homologues or sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis Premature separation of sister chromatids during meiosis Movement of a segment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome

Failure of homologues or sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis

An individual who has gained an extra autosome is referred to as which of the following? Multiple choice question. Triploid Monosomic Imprinted Trisomic

Trisomic

Which human autosomes can be present in three copies (trisomy) and still allow the individuals to survive (at least for some time after birth)? Multiple choice question. All of the autosomes Only the 5 largest autosomes Only 5 of the smallest autosomes None of the autosome

Only 5 of the smallest autosomes

Nondisjunction can lead to the gain or loss of a chromosome. What is the name of this condition? ___

aneuploidy

Phenylketonuria and sickle cell anemia are described as which of the following? Multiple choice question. X-linked disorders Y-linked disorders Autosomal (not X- or Y-linked) recessive disorders Autosomal (not X- or Y-linked) dominant disorders

Autosomal (not X- or Y-linked) recessive disorders

____ is the movement of a portion of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome.

Field 1: Translocation

Question Mode Multiple Choice Question The loss of one copy of an autosome is called which of the following? Multiple choice question. X inactivation Monosomy Trisomy Dosage compensation

Monosomy

Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. The risk of Down syndrome increases with the ____ of the mother.

age

Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. A ____ is the type of aneuplody in which an individual has gained an extra autosome.

trisomy

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct In humans, gametes produced by females are more frequently affected by chromosomal abnormalities (such as disjunction, or translocation). What explains that observation? Multiple choice question. Cells destined to produce female gametes undergo more than one meiotic divisions, which increases the chance of chromosomal abnormalities. Female gametes are less protected from environmental stress, which increases the chance of chromosomal mutations. Female gametes are set aside during embryonic development and arrested in meiosis I with paired homologues.

Female gametes are set aside during embryonic development and arrested in meiosis I with paired homologues.

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct Which of the following describes most human trisomies? Multiple choice question. They are not lethal, but are associated with disease. They are lethal. They are not associated with disease.

They are lethal.

When can nondisjunction in human sex chromosomes occur? Multiple choice question. Only female meiosis Both male and female meiosis Only male meiosis

Both male and female meiosis

Question Mode Multiple Choice Question How many Barr bodies will be present in the cells of an XXX individual? Multiple choice question. 1 2 3

Question Mode Multiple Choice Question The risk of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome increases with which of the following? Multiple choice question. The age of the mother The number of Barr bodies the mother has The age of the father The number of children the mother has had

The age of the mother

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct What sex chromosome genotype is associated with Jacob syndrome? Multiple choice question. XXY XO XYY correct XXX

XYY

____ is the movement of a portion of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome.

translocation

What phenotypes are associated with Turner syndrome? Multiple select question. Tall stature Diminished mental capacity Immature sex organs Webbed neck

Immature sex organs Webbed neck

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct An individual with a XXY genotype displays a condition known as Blank______. Multiple choice question. Jacob syndrome Down syndrome Turner syndrome Kleinfelter syndrome

Kleinfelter syndrome

Answer Mode Fill in the Blank QuestionYour Answer correct Fill in the blank question. During an _____, a needle is inserted into the mother's uterus and a small sample of amniotic fluid is removed. The baby's cells are then grown as a tissue culture for analysis.

amniocentesis

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct What sex chromosome combination is associated with Turner syndrome? Multiple choice question. XO XYY XXY XX

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct What is the purpose of genetic counseling? Multiple choice question. To predict the risk of genetic defects To determine an individual's DNA sequence To determine the prevalence of genetic disease To compare DNA sequences among individuals of different ethnic backgrounds

To predict the risk of genetic defects

Which of the following is a noninvasive method that allows screening for certain conditions, such as Down syndrome? Multiple choice question. Chorionic villus sampling cfDNA Amniocentesis Genome-wide association

cfDNA

In CVS cells are removed from the chorion. The chorion is found where? Multiple choice question. Outer lining of the uterus Membranous part of the placenta correct Amniotic fluid Inner lining of the uteru

Membranous part of the placenta

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct Noninvasive prenatal methods are based on the presence of Blank______. Multiple choice question. fetal DNA in the urine paternal DNA in maternal blood plasma fetal DNA in maternal blood plasma

fetal DNA in maternal blood plasma

If nondisjunction occurs during the formation of oocytes, which of the following gametes can be formed? Multiple select question. no X chromosomes XY X XX

XX no X chromosomes