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Alevel French Revolution > Chapter 10 - Internal And External War > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Internal And External War Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What had the French army gained between Sept and Jan of 1792?

A

Successful in Austrian Netherlands
Savoy
Nice

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2
Q

What inspired the advance of French armies?

A

Revolutionary idealism
Need for money

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3
Q

How did Danton try to justify the war effort?

A

The French doctrine of ‘natural frontiers’
(Pyrenees, Alps + Rhine should form the borders)

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4
Q

Why was this a controversial demand?

A

They were crucial for trade especially with Great Britain and the United Provinces

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5
Q

Why did Britain begin military preparations and expel the French ambassador?

A

Didn’t agree with Louis’ execution

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6
Q

Who entered into the anti-French coalition?

A

Britain
Portugal
Spain

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7
Q

When did France declare war on Britain and the United Provinces?

A

1 February 1793

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8
Q

When was war declared in Spain and Portugal?

A

The March

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9
Q

What was the name of the war the 6 were fighting in?

A

War of the First Coalition

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10
Q

How did France suffer in it?

A

Troops driven out of Austrian Netherlands
British, Austrian + Spanish troops mounted attacks into France

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11
Q

What hindered their military efforts?

A

Internal revolts in the west and south of France

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12
Q

What happened Feb 1792?

A

Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II and Frederick-William II of Prussia sign a treaty of alliance

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13
Q

What happened Mar 1792?

A

Francis II becomes new Holy Roman Emperor
France sends an ultimatum to Austria to disperse émigrés

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14
Q

What happened Apr 1792?

A

France declares war on Austria (who allies with Prussia)
War of the First Coalition begins
France invades Austrian Netherlands with two troops (both then retreat)

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15
Q

What happened Jul 1792?

A

Fear of enemy troops produces the decree La patrie en danger
Lafayette takes over Army of the North
Brunswick manifesto announced

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16
Q

What happens Aug 1792?

A

Lafayette defects
Dumouriez commands army of the North
Prussians take Longwy

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17
Q

What happened Sept 1792?

A

Prussians take Verdun
French have victory at Battle of Valmy

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18
Q

What happened Oct 1792?

A

A general called Custine takes Worms, Mainz + Frankfurt
Prussians retreat from Verdun and Longwy

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19
Q

What happened Nov 1792?

A

Dumouriez has victory at Jemappes
Edict of Fraternity issued
French take Brussels, Ostend, Mechelen, Liège, Antwerp + Namur
French declare annexation of Savoy

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20
Q

What happened Dec 1792?

A

French take Aachen

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21
Q

What happened Feb 1793?

A

France declares war on Britain + United Provinces
Rebellion in Vendee

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22
Q

What happened Mar 1793?

A

An Austrian counter-offensive begins and defeats the french at Neerwindenand Louvain
French evacuate Aachen
Spain declares war on France
France annexes territory on the Rhine

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23
Q

What happened Apr 1793?

A

Dumouriez defects to Austrians
The Austrians besiege the ‘Republic of Mainz’

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24
Q

What happened May 1793?

A

French besieged at Valenciennes
Uprisings in Lyons and other cities

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25
What happened Jun 1793?
British blockade of ports begins
26
What happened Jul 1793?
Siege of Mainz ends with French withdrawal Valenciennes is captured and occupied by Anglo-Austrian troops
27
Where was the Vendée?
Central-west France
28
What was the area like?
Rural Conservative Strongly Catholic
29
Why was it an ideal breeding ground for rebellion?
Religious resentments strong Sale of church lands brought new bourgeoisie land-owners that raised rent In inflation and disrupted food supplies peasants were worse off than they had been in the AR
30
How did the uprising begin?
A protest against the levy for 300,000 men carried out in Angers in Mar 1793
31
What happened on 14 Mar?
A ‘Catholic and Royal Army of the Vendée’ was formed They seized Cholet (a major city)
32
What else happened throughout the countryside?
Massacres of local officials, jurying priests + NG Guerrilla warfare spread through the countryside
33
How many men did the convention send to attempt to control the rebellion?
30,000
34
By June what had the rebels seized?
Bridges over the Loire Angers + Saumur
35
What was also spreading in June?
Federalist revolts
36
What did the convention decree the destruction of?
The Vendée
37
How big was the army that arrived at Nantes on 6 Sept?
100,000
38
When had the Vendéean army been destroyed by?
December
39
In 1793 who attempted to solve the external and internal problems?
Robespierre
40
Why did he put in place some measures?
To win wars Reassure Parisian sc
41
What happened in Oct 1792?
Committee of General Security (CGS) established to take responsibility for policing and justice It had to report to the National Convention
42
What happened Feb 1793?
300,000 to be drafted Voluntarily if possible but ballot if necessary
43
What happened Mar 1793?
Représentants-en-mission appointed to work in pairs in France to ensure loyalty and effective functioning of the départements They could arrest anyone considered a suspect Ensure food supplies Supervise levies Had to ensure loyalty of troops and generals (after the defected Lafayette and Dumouriez)
44
Who did the représentants-en-missions have to report to?
CPS +NC
45
What was established to try counter-revolutionaries?
A revolutionary tribunal
46
Who made up the revolutionary tribunal?
5 judges Public prosecutor Two assistants Jury men elected by NC
47
What new law was decreed 19 march 1793?
Rebels bearing arms could be executed without appeal within 24 hours
48
What was established to look out for suspicious behaviour?
Comités de surveillance
49
Who did they look out for in particular?
Foreigners People who were involved in riots
50
What did members of the comités de surveillance do if they suspected someone?
Hand their suspect over to tribunals and the suspect would be put to death if found guilty Members couldn’t be former church men or nobles
51
What was set up in Apr 1793?
The Committee of Public Safety (CPS)
52
What was the responsibility of the CPS?
Conduct of war Diplomacy Supplies Control of the army Application of rev laws
53
Who did the CPS have authority over?
CGS Other ministers and govt agencies
54
What was the CPS made up of?
Nine men Elected monthly by NC Meetings ‘closed’ to outsiders Reported weekly to NC
55
Why did the sc become increasing militant?
War went badly Prices rose
56
What decrees did the NC block?
Price controls on basic goods
57
Why were there disturbances in Paris in February and March?
Enragés encouraged fighting over the price of commodities like bread, soap, sugar and coffee
58
Who are the enragés?
Campaigned against anyone profiting from high food prices
59
What did the assignats bring?
Inflation
60
What did the average food price rise by from 1791 -1793?
90%
61
Why did Robespierre initially show little sympathy for the food rioters but then support them?
The political advantage gained from supporting the rioters discredits his Girodin rivals
62
What inspired a series of attacks on the Girodin printing presses?
Marats articles blaming the Girodin for France’s problems
63
On what grounds were Marats indictment to be arrested?
Inciting murder Pillage Attacking the authority of the convention
64
How many days later was he acquitted?
12
65
Who used the occasion to portray the Girodins as enemies of liberty and the republic?
George Danton
66
What happened on 3 May?
8000 sc demonstrators surrounded the convention demanding price controls on bread
67
What did this enable Robespierre to do?
Win the vote to establish the first price controls on wheat and flour
68
Why did the Girodins oppose?
They said that food supplies would soon increase and prices fall
69
What alliance was then formed?
Jacobin/Montagnards and sc
70
What are the price controls of May 1793 sometimes referred to?
The First Law of General Maximum
71
On 26 May what did Robespierre call for?
A rising against the ‘corrupt deputies’ in the Convention
72
What happened between 31 May and 2 Jun?
Thousands of sc from the sections with NGs beseiged the convention demanding the Girondins be expelled
73
How big was the crowd on the 2 Jun?
80,000 - 100,000
74
What happened to people if they tried to leave?
They were prevented until they had given support to Robespierre’s motion that 29 Girondin deputies be expelled from the convention and put under house arrest
75
Who won that day?
‘The Mountain’ although they had to submit to the sc
76
What was the Federalist Revolt?
A revolt in the départments where Girondin support was strongest
77
In what cities were Jacobin leaders expelled out of their offices?
Lyons Avignon Bordeaux Caen Marseilles Toulon
78
What were the revolts labelled by the Jacobins as?
Counter revolutionary
79
What was it a strong reaction to?
Strong centralising control of the Jacobins in Paris
80
What did the Federalist Revolt pose a threat to?
A real civil war
81
What did the revolt merge into in Toulon?
A royalist reaction
82
What did the city appeal for?
Help from the Anglo-Spanish fleet
83
Who took Toulon in December?
Napoleon Bonaparte
84
Who were sent to force cities back into line?
Représentants-en-mission
85
What did the Montagnards produce on 24 Jun?
New constitution
86
What was it the result of the work of?
The constitutional committee Also linked to a new modified version of the ‘Decleration of Rights’ It established an ‘Executive Council’ to replace king + ministers
87
Why was it never put into practice?
The wartime situation
88
What did it decree?
- All adult males (including foreigners) had the right to vote - Every man had the right to express himself through direct political action -Everyone was entitled to public assistance (the state must give people work, or people unable ‘the means of sustenance’)
89
What was it aggressively?
An egalitarian constitution that stressed ‘society’ was more important than the individual
90
Where did they say it should be engraved so people were reminded of their rights?
On tablets in public places

Alevel French Revolution (24 decks)

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