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Alevel French Revolution > Chapter 10 - Internal And External War > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Internal And External War Flashcards

1
Q

What had the French army gained between Sept and Jan of 1792?

A

Successful in Austrian Netherlands
Savoy
Nice

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2
Q

What inspired the advance of French armies?

A

Revolutionary idealism
Need for money

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3
Q

How did Danton try to justify the war effort?

A

The French doctrine of ‘natural frontiers’
(Pyrenees, Alps + Rhine should form the borders)

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4
Q

Why was this a controversial demand?

A

They were crucial for trade especially with Great Britain and the United Provinces

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5
Q

Why did Britain begin military preparations and expel the French ambassador?

A

Didn’t agree with Louis’ execution

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6
Q

Who entered into the anti-French coalition?

A

Britain
Portugal
Spain

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7
Q

When did France declare war on Britain and the United Provinces?

A

1 February 1793

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8
Q

When was war declared in Spain and Portugal?

A

The March

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9
Q

What was the name of the war the 6 were fighting in?

A

War of the First Coalition

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10
Q

How did France suffer in it?

A

Troops driven out of Austrian Netherlands
British, Austrian + Spanish troops mounted attacks into France

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11
Q

What hindered their military efforts?

A

Internal revolts in the west and south of France

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12
Q

What happened Feb 1792?

A

Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II and Frederick-William II of Prussia sign a treaty of alliance

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13
Q

What happened Mar 1792?

A

Francis II becomes new Holy Roman Emperor
France sends an ultimatum to Austria to disperse émigrés

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14
Q

What happened Apr 1792?

A

France declares war on Austria (who allies with Prussia)
War of the First Coalition begins
France invades Austrian Netherlands with two troops (both then retreat)

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15
Q

What happened Jul 1792?

A

Fear of enemy troops produces the decree La patrie en danger
Lafayette takes over Army of the North
Brunswick manifesto announced

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16
Q

What happens Aug 1792?

A

Lafayette defects
Dumouriez commands army of the North
Prussians take Longwy

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17
Q

What happened Sept 1792?

A

Prussians take Verdun
French have victory at Battle of Valmy

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18
Q

What happened Oct 1792?

A

A general called Custine takes Worms, Mainz + Frankfurt
Prussians retreat from Verdun and Longwy

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19
Q

What happened Nov 1792?

A

Dumouriez has victory at Jemappes
Edict of Fraternity issued
French take Brussels, Ostend, Mechelen, Liège, Antwerp + Namur
French declare annexation of Savoy

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20
Q

What happened Dec 1792?

A

French take Aachen

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21
Q

What happened Feb 1793?

A

France declares war on Britain + United Provinces
Rebellion in Vendee

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22
Q

What happened Mar 1793?

A

An Austrian counter-offensive begins and defeats the french at Neerwindenand Louvain
French evacuate Aachen
Spain declares war on France
France annexes territory on the Rhine

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23
Q

What happened Apr 1793?

A

Dumouriez defects to Austrians
The Austrians besiege the ‘Republic of Mainz’

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24
Q

What happened May 1793?

A

French besieged at Valenciennes
Uprisings in Lyons and other cities

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25
Q

What happened Jun 1793?

A

British blockade of ports begins

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26
Q

What happened Jul 1793?

A

Siege of Mainz ends with French withdrawal
Valenciennes is captured and occupied by Anglo-Austrian troops

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27
Q

Where was the Vendée?

A

Central-west France

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28
Q

What was the area like?

A

Rural
Conservative
Strongly Catholic

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29
Q

Why was it an ideal breeding ground for rebellion?

A

Religious resentments strong
Sale of church lands brought new bourgeoisie land-owners that raised rent
In inflation and disrupted food supplies peasants were worse off than they had been in the AR

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30
Q

How did the uprising begin?

A

A protest against the levy for 300,000 men carried out in Angers in Mar 1793

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31
Q

What happened on 14 Mar?

A

A ‘Catholic and Royal Army of the Vendée’ was formed
They seized Cholet (a major city)

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32
Q

What else happened throughout the countryside?

A

Massacres of local officials, jurying priests + NG
Guerrilla warfare spread through the countryside

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33
Q

How many men did the convention send to attempt to control the rebellion?

A

30,000

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34
Q

By June what had the rebels seized?

A

Bridges over the Loire
Angers + Saumur

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35
Q

What was also spreading in June?

A

Federalist revolts

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36
Q

What did the convention decree the destruction of?

A

The Vendée

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37
Q

How big was the army that arrived at Nantes on 6 Sept?

A

100,000

38
Q

When had the Vendéean army been destroyed by?

A

December

39
Q

In 1793 who attempted to solve the external and internal problems?

A

Robespierre

40
Q

Why did he put in place some measures?

A

To win wars
Reassure Parisian sc

41
Q

What happened in Oct 1792?

A

Committee of General Security (CGS) established to take responsibility for policing and justice
It had to report to the National Convention

42
Q

What happened Feb 1793?

A

300,000 to be drafted
Voluntarily if possible but ballot if necessary

43
Q

What happened Mar 1793?

A

Représentants-en-mission appointed to work in pairs in France to ensure loyalty and effective functioning of the départements
They could arrest anyone considered a suspect
Ensure food supplies
Supervise levies
Had to ensure loyalty of troops and generals (after the defected Lafayette and Dumouriez)

44
Q

Who did the représentants-en-missions have to report to?

A

CPS +NC

45
Q

What was established to try counter-revolutionaries?

A

A revolutionary tribunal

46
Q

Who made up the revolutionary tribunal?

A

5 judges
Public prosecutor
Two assistants
Jury men elected by NC

47
Q

What new law was decreed 19 march 1793?

A

Rebels bearing arms could be executed without appeal within 24 hours

48
Q

What was established to look out for suspicious behaviour?

A

Comités de surveillance

49
Q

Who did they look out for in particular?

A

Foreigners
People who were involved in riots

50
Q

What did members of the comités de surveillance do if they suspected someone?

A

Hand their suspect over to tribunals and the suspect would be put to death if found guilty
Members couldn’t be former church men or nobles

51
Q

What was set up in Apr 1793?

A

The Committee of Public Safety (CPS)

52
Q

What was the responsibility of the CPS?

A

Conduct of war
Diplomacy
Supplies
Control of the army
Application of rev laws

53
Q

Who did the CPS have authority over?

A

CGS
Other ministers and govt agencies

54
Q

What was the CPS made up of?

A

Nine men
Elected monthly by NC
Meetings ‘closed’ to outsiders
Reported weekly to NC

55
Q

Why did the sc become increasing militant?

A

War went badly
Prices rose

56
Q

What decrees did the NC block?

A

Price controls on basic goods

57
Q

Why were there disturbances in Paris in February and March?

A

Enragés encouraged fighting over the price of commodities like bread, soap, sugar and coffee

58
Q

Who are the enragés?

A

Campaigned against anyone profiting from high food prices

59
Q

What did the assignats bring?

A

Inflation

60
Q

What did the average food price rise by from 1791 -1793?

A

90%

61
Q

Why did Robespierre initially show little sympathy for the food rioters but then support them?

A

The political advantage gained from supporting the rioters discredits his Girodin rivals

62
Q

What inspired a series of attacks on the Girodin printing presses?

A

Marats articles blaming the Girodin for France’s problems

63
Q

On what grounds were Marats indictment to be arrested?

A

Inciting murder
Pillage
Attacking the authority of the convention

64
Q

How many days later was he acquitted?

A

12

65
Q

Who used the occasion to portray the Girodins as enemies of liberty and the republic?

A

George Danton

66
Q

What happened on 3 May?

A

8000 sc demonstrators surrounded the convention demanding price controls on bread

67
Q

What did this enable Robespierre to do?

A

Win the vote to establish the first price controls on wheat and flour

68
Q

Why did the Girodins oppose?

A

They said that food supplies would soon increase and prices fall

69
Q

What alliance was then formed?

A

Jacobin/Montagnards and sc

70
Q

What are the price controls of May 1793 sometimes referred to?

A

The First Law of General Maximum

71
Q

On 26 May what did Robespierre call for?

A

A rising against the ‘corrupt deputies’ in the Convention

72
Q

What happened between 31 May and 2 Jun?

A

Thousands of sc from the sections with NGs beseiged the convention demanding the Girondins be expelled

73
Q

How big was the crowd on the 2 Jun?

A

80,000 - 100,000

74
Q

What happened to people if they tried to leave?

A

They were prevented until they had given support to Robespierre’s motion that 29 Girondin deputies be expelled from the convention and put under house arrest

75
Q

Who won that day?

A

‘The Mountain’ although they had to submit to the sc

76
Q

What was the Federalist Revolt?

A

A revolt in the départments where Girondin support was strongest

77
Q

In what cities were Jacobin leaders expelled out of their offices?

A

Lyons
Avignon
Bordeaux
Caen
Marseilles
Toulon

78
Q

What were the revolts labelled by the Jacobins as?

A

Counter revolutionary

79
Q

What was it a strong reaction to?

A

Strong centralising control of the Jacobins in Paris

80
Q

What did the Federalist Revolt pose a threat to?

A

A real civil war

81
Q

What did the revolt merge into in Toulon?

A

A royalist reaction

82
Q

What did the city appeal for?

A

Help from the Anglo-Spanish fleet

83
Q

Who took Toulon in December?

A

Napoleon Bonaparte

84
Q

Who were sent to force cities back into line?

A

Représentants-en-mission

85
Q

What did the Montagnards produce on 24 Jun?

A

New constitution

86
Q

What was it the result of the work of?

A

The constitutional committee
Also linked to a new modified version of the ‘Decleration of Rights’
It established an ‘Executive Council’ to replace king + ministers

87
Q

Why was it never put into practice?

A

The wartime situation

88
Q

What did it decree?

A
  • All adult males (including foreigners) had the right to vote
  • Every man had the right to express himself through direct political action
    -Everyone was entitled to public assistance (the state must give people work, or people unable ‘the means of sustenance’)
89
Q

What was it aggressively?

A

An egalitarian constitution that stressed ‘society’ was more important than the individual

90
Q

Where did they say it should be engraved so people were reminded of their rights?

A

On tablets in public places

Alevel French Revolution (24 decks)

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