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Alevel French Revolution > Chapter 14 - The Establishment Of The Directory > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - The Establishment Of The Directory Flashcards

1
Q

How was the new constitution of 1795 formed?

A

Drawn up by Thermidorians
Made valid by plebiscite

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2
Q

What was the order of the new structure?

A
  1. Directory of Five
  2. Council of 500 + Council of Ancients
  3. Elections
  4. Electors
  5. Voters
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3
Q

Who were the voters?

A

Male taxpayers over 21
5.5/8 million males could vote

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4
Q

Who were the electors?

A

Those paying a certain sum in taxes could sit in the assemblies

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5
Q

What were the elections?

A

Took place annually
1/3 deputies stood down every year

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6
Q

What was the Council of Five Hundred?

A

Deputies over the age of 30
Wrote new laws but didn’t vote on it

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7
Q

What was the Council of Ancients?

A

250 married or widowed men over 40
Approved or rejected laws

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8
Q

What was the Directory of Five?

A

5 directors chosen by Ancients
They formed the executive and appointed ministers
1 member would retire each year

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9
Q

What percentage were deputies from the old convention?

A

2/3rds

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10
Q

How many men served as directors?

A

13

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11
Q

Who were the most memorable?

A

Carnot, Sieyès, Ducos, Barras

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12
Q

What was the problem with the aim of limiting power?

A

No prominent leader or directior
Directors had differing views and found it hard to work together

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13
Q

What was the schism between?

A

Moderate conservatives
(Carnot + Letourneur)
Republicans
(Barras + Rewbell)

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14
Q

What was another problem with the directors?

A

No mechanism to resolve disputes
Led to underhand practices

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15
Q

Why was there acute inflation?

A

There was a switch from a system of economic control to a more liberal environment

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16
Q

How much were the assignats in 1795 worth?

A

Worthless

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17
Q

What economic problems did the directory come into?

A

Badly unbalanced budget
Costs of war
Problems with tax collection

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18
Q

What stopped food supply?

A

Grain speculators
Poor harvest 1795

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19
Q

Why was the trading situation bad?

A

British naval efforts restricted French colonial trade + blockaded French ports

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20
Q

What effort was made to stabilise currency?

A

Switch from paper to metal currency

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21
Q

What did they make to replace the assignats?

A

Mandats
800 million francs worth issued

22
Q

Why did they not work?

A

Rapidly counterfeited
Value depreciated - within a year worth nothing

23
Q

What did lack of metal coinage cause?

A

Deflation
This hindered trade

24
Q

When we’re weights and measures standardised?

A

1795

25
Q

Why was the price of grain brought down?

A

Better harvests in 1796 + 1798

26
Q

What taxes did the finance minister make/ restore?

A

New property taxes
Octois (goods entering towns)

27
Q

What was the benefit of Mandats?

A

Write off 2/3rds of govt debt

28
Q

What was a negative of this?

A

Creditors didn’t trust govt
(Held a lot of political influence)

29
Q

When did the directory reach a balance of payments?

A

1797+1798

30
Q

What were the threats from royalist for the directory?

A

The rising of Vendémaire
Sentiment in the Vendée + the west
Royalist André-Charles Brotier was arrested and deported for planning military rising in Paris to overthrow govt

31
Q

How had the directory only been able to establish itself?

A

Through the army crushing Vendémaire
Shows how vulnerable it was

32
Q

Who was a leading figure for the Jacobins?

A

Gracchus Babeuf
Campaigned for rights of the poor
But called for revival of the Terror

33
Q

What was the event Babeuf planned?

A

‘Conspiracy of equals’ - armed uprising of the masses

34
Q

What happened to those involved?

A

Babeuf + co-conspirator = guillotined
Other supporters = transported

35
Q

What did directors sometimes resort to when dealing with these oppositions?

A

Corrupt practices
These undermined what they stood for

36
Q

Who started to do well in elections 1797?

A

Constitutional monarchists
3rd deputies had royalist sympathies

37
Q

What deputies planned the coup of Fructidor?

A

Barras, Rewbell + Lépeux

38
Q

What was their plan?

A

Produced evidence that president of 500 (Pichegru) made contact with monarchist emigres 1795
Had him arrested
‘Acting against revolution’

39
Q

What were military forces of Hoche + Augereau used to do?

A

Seize strong points of Paris
Arrested 177 royalist deputies
53 were exiled to French Guana
42 opposition newspapers forcibly shut

40
Q

Who opted to serve?

A

2 new directors
But council positions vacant

41
Q

What did this event do?

A

Undermined 1795 constitution
Added lack of confidence in electoral process

42
Q

What legislation was created after Fructidor?

A

Former members of 2nd estate declared foreigners + had to apply for papers to regain rights as citizens
Returned emigres had 2 weeks to leave otherwise death sentence (160 awarded)
Refractory priests persecuted again

43
Q

Why did the Directory pass a new electoral law in January 1798?

A

To minimise royalist gains before the next round of elections

44
Q

What happened instead?

A

Jacobin support went ahead

45
Q

What did the Law of 22 Floreal do?

A

Purged 127 deputies from the Cof500 before they took their seats

46
Q

What was this whole coup called?

A

The coup of Floreal

47
Q

What was the Coup of Prairial?

A

Cof500 + CofA questioned conduct of war and the directors positions
Replaced director
Sieyes took advantage of this and with support from Barras and asked 2 other directors to stand down
They refused
He asked General Joubert to have a troop to Paris
They resigned

48
Q

What was this the first experience of?

A

The councils forced a purge of the directors

49
Q

What did the directory do instead of healing divisions?

A

Increased them
Overturned electoral results
Grew increasingly reliant on army to defend itself

50
Q

What did Sieyes introduce due to growing Jacobins in councils?

A

Law of Hostages
Allowed local authorities to take action against potential ‘radicals’

51
Q

What was an explanation for the struggles of the Directory?

A

‘what is seen as corruption could be interpreted as the desperate attempt of the middle ground to forestall extremism at a time when political processes were under-developed and mobs were poorly educated and easily influenced’ - Waller

Alevel French Revolution (24 decks)

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